Chapter 26 Flashcards
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is particularly serious and can lead to ___ if left untreated.
corneal ulceration and destruction
___ are used to assess the severity of symptoms.
Neonatal abstinence scoring tools
The most common causative organisms are __
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Infants of drug-dependent birthing parents tend to be ___
SGA.
The most common medications to counteract abstinence symptoms are ___and ____.
morphine and methadone.
name the complication
- EYES
- the epicantal fold or talukap are pronounced
- the slit in the eyes are small - NOSE
- flat nasal line but caucasian - INDISTINCT PHILTRUM
- smooth - LIP
- thin lips - JAW
- micrognathia/small jaw
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Syndrome
a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes.
Polydactyly
is a congenital condition characterized by the fusion of two or more fingers or toes.
Syndactyly
3 types of Polydactyly
Preaxial polydactyly (near thumb)
Postaxial polydactyly (near hinliliit)
Central polydactyly (central fingers)
Syndactyly
Fusion involves only soft tissue.
Simple Syndactyly:
Syndactyly
Fusion involves bone and/or cartilage.
Complex Syndactyly:
Characterized by an indentation of the lower portion of the sternum.
PECTUS EXCAVATUM
___ is commonly used for surgical correction of pectus excavatum, involving the placement of a metal bar to reshape the chest wall.
Nuss procedure
RYE NECK and congenital anomalies presented as TWISTED NECK
TORTICOLLIS
is a congenital condition characterized by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures
Craniosynostosis
is a common surgical technique used to correct pectus carinatum (pigeon chest), involving removal of abnormal cartilage and reshaping of the chest wall.
Ravitch procedure
___ may be attempted in milder of oectus carina tum cases to gradually reshape the chest wall over time
Bracing
Depending on the severity and type of craniosynostosis, 3 various surgical techniques such as
strip craniectomy
cranial vault remodeling
endoscopic-assisted procedure
is a common foot abnormality, in which the foot points downward and inward
talipes
talipes
Most common type, characterized by the foot turned inward and downward.
Equinovarus
talipes
- Foot is dorsiflexed and everted, with the sole facing outward.
Calcaneovalgus
talipes
- Foot is plantarflexed and everted, with the sole facing outward.
Equinovalgus
2 treatment for talipes
- ponseti method (series of casting)
- surgical correction
is a spectrum of abnormalities affecting the hip joint, characterized by improper formation and function of the hip socket.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
Maternal hormone ___ and other factors contribute to hip laxity during pregnancy.
relaxin
DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESMENT of DDH
- The hip can be popped out of the socket. The hip dislocates.
(+) Barlow maneuver
DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESMENT of DDH
- A distinctive clunk will be heard as the hip relocates.
Ortolani maneuver
- The brace holds legs in abduction and flexion, but it does not limit the motion of knees and ankles.
Frejka splint
- most commonly used for babies with hip disorder.
- Sometimes for babies with a femur fracture.
- The purpose of the harness is to keep the hips and knees bent (flexed) and thighs spread apart (abducted).
Pavlik harness
- Also used for club foot
- Used after hip dislocation surgery
- A splint makes sure there’s no stress on the injury, so it heals.
- It’ll also help reduce pain and inflammation.
Denis Browne splint
, commonly known as tongue tie, is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short or tight frenulum, restricting the movement of the tongue.
Ankyloglossia
cleft lip can be repaired surgically shortly after birth, often between __ n ___ weeks of age.
2 and 12
__ are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the structure of the face and oral cavity.
Clefts of the lip and palate (CL/P)
Cleft palate Two-stage palate repair, including soft palate repair at __ months and hard palate repair at __ months, may result in better outcomes.
3 to 6, 6 to 18 months
___ may be applied before surgery of cleft lip to shape a better nostril.
Nasal mold apparatus
commercial bottle apparatus that are similar to a bulb syringe that can be used
Haberman Feeder
▪
incomplete formation of the esophageal lumen results in the proximal esophagus forming a blind pouch with no connection to any other structure
▪
orifice or passage, closed or absent
Esophageal Atresia (EA)
▪
TEF occurs when an opening develops between the closed distal esophagus and the trachea
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
OMPHALOCELE
▪
protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall (with sac)
▪
intestines are herniated but the stomach and liver may also be involved
▪
occurs in approx. 1 out of 5,000 live births
▪
the herniated organs are usually covered by a thin transparent layer of amnion and chorion, with them umbilical cord protruding from the exposed sac
OMPHALOCELE
▪protrusion of a portion of the intestine through the umbilical ring, muscle, and fascia surrounding the umbilical cord
▪results in a noticeable bulging protrusion under the skin at the umbilicus, typically becoming more apparent at birth
▪more common in Black children, low-birth weight infants, and females compared to males
▪generally 1-2 cm in diameter but can enlarge, especially when the child cries or strains
▪there’s tenderness at the site of herniation
▪“it is relatively not too dangerous”
UMBILICAL HERNIA
▪
extremely hard portion of meconium that has completely blocked the intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction
▪
exact cause is unknown but is believed to result from normal variations in meconium consistency. meconium plugs usually form in the lower end of the bowel, where meconium formed early in intrauterine life has the best chance to become dry and obstructive
▪
MPS typically presents with symptoms such as abdominal distention, emesis (vomiting), and failure to pass meconium within the first 24 to 48 hours of life
MECONIUM PLUG SYNDROME
▪
weakness in the musculature that permits a portion of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach or intestine, to protrude through the chest wall
▪
this can cause a collapse of the left lung due to cardiac displacement on the right side of the chest
▪
occurs in 1-5 per 10,000 live births, with a slightly higher frequency in MALES and a lower frequency in individuals in Black ethnicity
DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS
▪
genitalia that are not defined as male or female and the presence or absence of gonadal tissue is unknown
▪
external sexual organs deviate from typical development that have sex determination difficult
▪
examples include hypospadias in males and virilization in females due to conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA
▪
exaggerate masculine characteristics found in women
Virilization
▪
commonly in uncircumcised male, often related to hygiene or accompanying urethritis or dermatitis
▪
inflammation of the glans and prepuce of the penis
Balanoposthitis/ Balanitis
▪
urethral opening is not located at the tip of the penis
▪
in boys, urethra forms abnormally during weeks 8 to 14
Hypospadias
▪
development na mas maaga kesa sa edad
▪
more common in females but can occur in both sexes
▪
development of breasts or pubic hair before 8 years in females and 9 years in males
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
▪
inability to retract the foreskin from the glans of the penis
▪
natural tightness at birth due to adhesions, which typically dissolve within a few months
▪
persistent tightness can lead to difficulty with voiding and increase the risk of balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and prepuce)
▪
circumcision may be recommended phimosis persists and causes issues
PHIMOSIS
▪
the inability to place the foreskin back into its anatomic position, can cause circulatory compromise to the penile glans, making it a medical emergency
Paraphimosis
▪
failure of one or both testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
▪
normally occurs during months 7 to 9 of intrauterine life or within the first 6 months after birth
▪
referral to a specialist is indicated if descent does not occur by 6 months after birth
▪
by the book: treatment usually delayed for 1-2 years as testes may descend spontaneously
-
in other literatures, delaying the treatment may increase the risk of complications that can affect long term fertility and testicular health
CRYPTORCHIDISM
▪
fluid accumulation around testicles that leads to swelling of the scrotum
HYDROCELE
Types
Communicating Hydrocele
▪there is a connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, allowing fluid to flow into the scrotum
▪this connection may close on its own over time or may require surgical correction
Non-Communicating Hydrocele
▪there is no connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, and the fluid is usually absorbed over time
Types
Communicating Hydrocele
▪
there is a connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, allowing fluid to flow into the scrotum
▪
this connection may close on its own over time or may require surgical correction
Non-Communicating Hydrocele
▪
there is no connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, and the fluid is usually absorbed over time
▪
abnormal dilatation of the veins of the spermatic cord
VARICOCELE
abdominal cramping during ovulation
Mittelschmerz
▪
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurring between menstrual periods
▪
normal in some adolescent who experience spotting at the time of ovulation (“mittel staining”)
▪
may occur with the use of oral contraceptives (breakthrough bleeding) during the first few months
Metorrhagia
removal of one or both testicles
Orchiectomy
▪
abnormally heavy menstrual flow more than 7 days
▪
usually defined as greater than 80mL per menses or a flow that soaks more than one pad or tampon an hour
Menorrhagia
to bring the undescended testes into the scrotum
Orchiopexy
inflammation or infection of the vulva that causes itching
Vulvovaginitis
