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Maternal > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is particularly serious and can lead to ___ if left untreated.

A

corneal ulceration and destruction

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2
Q

___ are used to assess the severity of symptoms.

A

Neonatal abstinence scoring tools

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2
Q

The most common causative organisms are __

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

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2
Q

Infants of drug-dependent birthing parents tend to be ___

A

SGA.

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3
Q

The most common medications to counteract abstinence symptoms are ___and ____.

A

morphine and methadone.

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4
Q

name the complication

  1. EYES
    - the epicantal fold or talukap are pronounced
    - the slit in the eyes are small
  2. NOSE
    - flat nasal line but caucasian
  3. INDISTINCT PHILTRUM
    - smooth
  4. LIP
    - thin lips
  5. JAW
    - micrognathia/small jaw
A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Syndrome

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5
Q

a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes.

A

Polydactyly

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6
Q

is a congenital condition characterized by the fusion of two or more fingers or toes.

A

Syndactyly

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6
Q

3 types of Polydactyly

A

 Preaxial polydactyly (near thumb)
 Postaxial polydactyly (near hinliliit)
 Central polydactyly (central fingers)

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7
Q

Syndactyly

Fusion involves only soft tissue.

A

 Simple Syndactyly:

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8
Q

Syndactyly

Fusion involves bone and/or cartilage.

A

 Complex Syndactyly:

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9
Q

Characterized by an indentation of the lower portion of the sternum.

A

PECTUS EXCAVATUM

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9
Q

___ is commonly used for surgical correction of pectus excavatum, involving the placement of a metal bar to reshape the chest wall.

A

Nuss procedure

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10
Q

RYE NECK and congenital anomalies presented as TWISTED NECK

A

TORTICOLLIS

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10
Q

is a congenital condition characterized by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures

A

Craniosynostosis

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11
Q

is a common surgical technique used to correct pectus carinatum (pigeon chest), involving removal of abnormal cartilage and reshaping of the chest wall.

A

Ravitch procedure

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11
Q

___ may be attempted in milder of oectus carina tum cases to gradually reshape the chest wall over time

A

Bracing

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12
Q

Depending on the severity and type of craniosynostosis, 3 various surgical techniques such as

A

strip craniectomy
cranial vault remodeling
endoscopic-assisted procedure

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13
Q

is a common foot abnormality, in which the foot points downward and inward

A

talipes

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14
Q

talipes

Most common type, characterized by the foot turned inward and downward.

A

Equinovarus

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15
Q

talipes

  • Foot is dorsiflexed and everted, with the sole facing outward.
A

Calcaneovalgus

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16
Q

talipes

  • Foot is plantarflexed and everted, with the sole facing outward.
A

Equinovalgus

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17
Q

2 treatment for talipes

A
  1. ponseti method (series of casting)
  2. surgical correction
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18
Q

is a spectrum of abnormalities affecting the hip joint, characterized by improper formation and function of the hip socket.

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

19
Q

Maternal hormone ___ and other factors contribute to hip laxity during pregnancy.

A

relaxin

19
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESMENT of DDH

  • The hip can be popped out of the socket. The hip dislocates.
A

(+) Barlow maneuver

20
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESMENT of DDH

  • A distinctive clunk will be heard as the hip relocates.
A

Ortolani maneuver

20
Q
  • The brace holds legs in abduction and flexion, but it does not limit the motion of knees and ankles.
A

Frejka splint

20
Q
  • most commonly used for babies with hip disorder.
  • Sometimes for babies with a femur fracture.
  • The purpose of the harness is to keep the hips and knees bent (flexed) and thighs spread apart (abducted).
A

Pavlik harness

20
Q
  • Also used for club foot
  • Used after hip dislocation surgery
  • A splint makes sure there’s no stress on the injury, so it heals.
  • It’ll also help reduce pain and inflammation.
A

Denis Browne splint

21
Q

, commonly known as tongue tie, is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short or tight frenulum, restricting the movement of the tongue.

A

Ankyloglossia

22
Q

cleft lip can be repaired surgically shortly after birth, often between __ n ___ weeks of age.

A

2 and 12

22
Q

__ are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the structure of the face and oral cavity.

A

Clefts of the lip and palate (CL/P)

23
Q

Cleft palate Two-stage palate repair, including soft palate repair at __ months and hard palate repair at __ months, may result in better outcomes.

A

3 to 6, 6 to 18 months

23
Q

___ may be applied before surgery of cleft lip to shape a better nostril.

A

Nasal mold apparatus

23
Q

commercial bottle apparatus that are similar to a bulb syringe that can be used

A

Haberman Feeder

24
Q

▪
incomplete formation of the esophageal lumen results in the proximal esophagus forming a blind pouch with no connection to any other structure
▪
orifice or passage, closed or absent

A

Esophageal Atresia (EA)

25
Q

▪
TEF occurs when an opening develops between the closed distal esophagus and the trachea

A

Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

26
Q

OMPHALOCELE
▪
protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall (with sac)
▪
intestines are herniated but the stomach and liver may also be involved
▪
occurs in approx. 1 out of 5,000 live births
▪
the herniated organs are usually covered by a thin transparent layer of amnion and chorion, with them umbilical cord protruding from the exposed sac

A

OMPHALOCELE

26
Q

▪protrusion of a portion of the intestine through the umbilical ring, muscle, and fascia surrounding the umbilical cord
▪results in a noticeable bulging protrusion under the skin at the umbilicus, typically becoming more apparent at birth
▪more common in Black children, low-birth weight infants, and females compared to males
▪generally 1-2 cm in diameter but can enlarge, especially when the child cries or strains
▪there’s tenderness at the site of herniation
▪“it is relatively not too dangerous”

A

UMBILICAL HERNIA

27
Q

▪
extremely hard portion of meconium that has completely blocked the intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction
▪
exact cause is unknown but is believed to result from normal variations in meconium consistency. meconium plugs usually form in the lower end of the bowel, where meconium formed early in intrauterine life has the best chance to become dry and obstructive
▪
MPS typically presents with symptoms such as abdominal distention, emesis (vomiting), and failure to pass meconium within the first 24 to 48 hours of life

A

MECONIUM PLUG SYNDROME

28
Q

▪
weakness in the musculature that permits a portion of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach or intestine, to protrude through the chest wall
▪
this can cause a collapse of the left lung due to cardiac displacement on the right side of the chest
▪
occurs in 1-5 per 10,000 live births, with a slightly higher frequency in MALES and a lower frequency in individuals in Black ethnicity

A

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS

28
Q

▪
genitalia that are not defined as male or female and the presence or absence of gonadal tissue is unknown
▪
external sexual organs deviate from typical development that have sex determination difficult
▪
examples include hypospadias in males and virilization in females due to conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA

29
Q

▪
exaggerate masculine characteristics found in women

A

Virilization

29
Q

▪
commonly in uncircumcised male, often related to hygiene or accompanying urethritis or dermatitis
▪
inflammation of the glans and prepuce of the penis

A

Balanoposthitis/ Balanitis

30
Q

▪
urethral opening is not located at the tip of the penis
▪
in boys, urethra forms abnormally during weeks 8 to 14

A

Hypospadias

31
Q

▪
development na mas maaga kesa sa edad
▪
more common in females but can occur in both sexes
▪
development of breasts or pubic hair before 8 years in females and 9 years in males

A

PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

32
Q

▪
inability to retract the foreskin from the glans of the penis
▪
natural tightness at birth due to adhesions, which typically dissolve within a few months
▪
persistent tightness can lead to difficulty with voiding and increase the risk of balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and prepuce)
▪
circumcision may be recommended phimosis persists and causes issues

A

PHIMOSIS

33
Q

▪
the inability to place the foreskin back into its anatomic position, can cause circulatory compromise to the penile glans, making it a medical emergency

A

Paraphimosis

34
Q

▪
failure of one or both testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
▪
normally occurs during months 7 to 9 of intrauterine life or within the first 6 months after birth
▪
referral to a specialist is indicated if descent does not occur by 6 months after birth

▪
by the book: treatment usually delayed for 1-2 years as testes may descend spontaneously
-
in other literatures, delaying the treatment may increase the risk of complications that can affect long term fertility and testicular health

A

CRYPTORCHIDISM

35
Q

▪
fluid accumulation around testicles that leads to swelling of the scrotum

A

HYDROCELE

36
Q

Types
Communicating Hydrocele
▪there is a connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, allowing fluid to flow into the scrotum
▪this connection may close on its own over time or may require surgical correction

Non-Communicating Hydrocele
▪there is no connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, and the fluid is usually absorbed over time

A

Types
Communicating Hydrocele
▪
there is a connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, allowing fluid to flow into the scrotum
▪
this connection may close on its own over time or may require surgical correction
Non-Communicating Hydrocele
▪
there is no connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, and the fluid is usually absorbed over time

36
Q

▪
abnormal dilatation of the veins of the spermatic cord

A

VARICOCELE

37
Q

abdominal cramping during ovulation

A

Mittelschmerz

37
Q

▪
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurring between menstrual periods
▪
normal in some adolescent who experience spotting at the time of ovulation (“mittel staining”)
▪
may occur with the use of oral contraceptives (breakthrough bleeding) during the first few months

A

Metorrhagia

38
Q

removal of one or both testicles

A

Orchiectomy

39
Q

▪
abnormally heavy menstrual flow more than 7 days
▪
usually defined as greater than 80mL per menses or a flow that soaks more than one pad or tampon an hour

A

Menorrhagia

40
Q

to bring the undescended testes into the scrotum

A

Orchiopexy

40
Q

inflammation or infection of the vulva that causes itching

A

Vulvovaginitis

Maternal (12 decks)

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