Chapter 25

Question 1

Paleogenomics

Answer 1

DNA sequencing that analyzes the fossils of humans and other organisms

Question 2

Cytochrome C

Answer 2

is a eukaryotic mitochondrial protein whose amino acid sequence has changed very slowly over time

Question 3

Genetic Equidistance

Answer 3

differences in amino acid sequence between species and major groups of organisms is proportional to their evolutionary distance

Question 4

Molecular Clocks

Answer 4

based off of genetic equidistant are used to infer relationships and divergence

Question 5

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 5

Biological barriers that prevent or reduce interbreeding between populations
(Ecological, Seasonal, Mechanical, Physiological)

Question 6

Pre-zygotic Barriers

Answer 6

Prevent organisms from reproducing in the first place

Question 7

Post-zygotic Barriers

Answer 7

create reproductive isolation even when the members of two populations are willing and able to reproduce

Question 8

Interbreeding

Answer 8

The most commonly found to affect genotype frequencies in population genetics (Loosely interbreeding amongst relatives)
Increases the amount of homozygotes in a population

Question 9

Coefficient of interbreeding (F)

Answer 9

Developed by Sewall Wright, Quantifies the probability that the two alleles of a give gene in an individual are identical because they are descended from the same single cope of the allele in an ancestor
F = 1 all individuals are homozygous and the gene is derived from an ancestor
F = 0 no individuals has two alleles derived from a common ancestral copy

Question 10

Founder Effect

Answer 10

Drift occurring as a result of a population originating from a small number of individuals

Question 11

Migration

Answer 11

Individuals move between populations

Question 12

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 12

selection that favors intermediate phenotypes

Question 13

Disruptive Selection

Answer 13

selection against intermediates and for both phenotypic extremes

Question 14

Directional Selection

Answer 14

selections for or against phenotypes at one end of the spectrum

Question 15

Gene Pool

Answer 15

all the genetic information in a gene population

Question 16

Micro-evolution

Answer 16

evolutionary changes within a population of species

Question 17

Macro-evolution

Answer 17

defined as evolutionary events leading to the emergence of new species and other taxonomic groups.

Question 18

5 Assumption of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

MMSSS

Answer 18

No migration
No Mutations
No Selection
Large Population Size
Random mating

Question 19

Positive vs. Negative Assortive mating

Answer 19

+ - similar genotypes are more likely to mate than dissimilar ones
- - dissimilar genotypes are more likely to mate than similar ones

Question 20

Non random mating Changes_______, but not________

Answer 20

changes genotype frequency, but not allele frequency

Question 21

Genetic Bottleneck

Answer 21

develop when large populations undergoes a drastic but temporary reduction in numbers

Question 22

Drift

Answer 22

significant random fluctuations in allele frequencies are possible by chance alone