Chapter 22 and Special Topics 3

Question 1

Vaccine

Answer 1

Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against disease-causing organism

Question 2

Surface Vaccines

Answer 2

Vaccines that consist of one or more surface proteins from the virus or bacterium; produced by genetic engineering

Question 3

Hepatitis B Virus

Answer 3

Causes liver damage and Cancer

Question 4

Gardasil

Answer 4

Vaccine against HPV

Question 5

Why are bacterial hosts poor organisms for the replication of eukaryotic proteins?

Answer 5

They do not have the ability to process and modify eukaryotic proteins correctly

Question 6

Selective breeding

Answer 6

Selection of breeding of naturally occurring or mutagen-induced variants, before genetic engineering, this was the only way to modify the genetic make-up of plants

Question 7

Synthetic Biology

Answer 7

Applying engineering principles and designs to biological systems; can create synthetic genomes made from scratch

Question 8

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Answer 8

Autosomal Recessive condition cause by a single amino acid substitution in the beta-globin protein; eliminated cutting site in the beta-globin gene for the restriction enzymes MstII and CvnI altering the pattern of restriction fragments on southern- blots

Question 9

RFLP

Answer 9

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
method of genetic testing by analyzing the variation in the length of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases; these variations are cause by mutations that created or abolish cutting sites for restriction enzymes; extremely useful as genetic markers

Question 10

ASO

Answer 10

Allele Specific Oligonucleotides

short, single-stranded fragments that differ by as little as a single nucleotide; detect single-nucleotide changes, including those that do not affect restriction enzyme cutting sites

Question 11

ASO limited by _______

Answer 11

genes being tested

Question 12

gene-expression microarrays

Answer 12

technique effective for analyzing gene-expression patterns in genetic diseases; tool for diagnosing genetic disorders and gene-expression changes.

Question 13

Genome wide association studies

Answer 13

genomes of thousands of individuals with a particular disease are analyzed by microarray analysis results are compared genomes of individuals without the disease as an attempt to identify genetic variation

Question 14

Gene Therapy

Answer 14

therapy which attempts to inject a normal gene into an organism

Question 15

attenuated virus

Answer 15

Live infectious organisms, but they can no longer reproduce.

Question 16

Subunit Vaccine

Answer 16

One or more surface proteins from infectious diseases.

Question 17

Biofarming

Answer 17

The production of proteins in genetically modified organisms, specifically modified plants, animals, and bacteria. Example = insulin from bacteria

Question 18

Microarrays Process

Answer 18

1st collect mRNA from a cell
2nd reverse transcriptase to form cDNA
3rd cDNA placed onto field made of thousands of wells with markers. 
4th Binding of markers
5th Florescence of bound.

Question 19

What are some of the technical reasons why gene therapy is difficult to carry out effectively?

Answer 19

Gene therapy: transfer normal gene into patients’ cells

a) it only works if replication occurs
b) people can have adverse immune responses
c) it can activate or mutate essential genes
d) the vector currently used cannot carry a gene larger than 10kb and human genes exceed that size

Question 20

VNTR

Answer 20

Variable Number Tandem Repeats. 1)Found in non-coding region of the genome (15-100 bp) Usually 30 alleles present in a population
2) Xloci^# of alleles = possible combinations of alleles

Question 21

STR

Answer 21

Short Tandem Repeats. 1) made up of (2-9 bp) repeated 7-40 x

2) STR more popular because they require less DNA and are more accurate

Question 22

Y STR Profiling

Answer 22

Advantages: Usable in sexual assault cases
Disadvantages: Can not be used to distinguish between fathers, sons, and male siblings

Question 23

MtDNA

Answer 23

Advantageous because it is present in high quantities and because it is hard to degrade.
All maternal relatives have the same mitochondrial DNA

Question 24

Profile Probability

Answer 24

A profile probability is the numerical probability that a person chosen at random from a population would have the same DNA as a random sample. It is calculated using the frequency of alleles in the population. Heterozygous 2pq, homozygous p^2 and q^2

Question 25

Prosecutor’s fallacy

Answer 25

DNA evidence should only be looked at in the context of a case and not as stand alone evidence.
Just cause 1/a billion does not mean it is not possible to have match
You should not equate guilt with a numerical probability
Samples can be subject to human error, contamination or tampering.