Chapter 21 Flash Cards

Question 1

What are two approaches used by genomic Scientists when sequencing genomes?

Answer 1

Clone-by-clone approach

Whole genome shotgun Sequencing

Question 2

This branch of biology attempts to identify gene function; based on a gene’s resulting RNA or possible proteins that they code for. What is this branch?

Answer 2

Functional Genomics

Question 3

What process does structural and functional genomics utilize to identify genes, regulatory sequences, and other important sequences so that gene maps can be developed?

Answer 3

Annotation

Question 4

Annotation

Answer 4

The identification and gene-regulatory sequences and other sequences of interest to develop gene maps.

Question 5

Open Reading Frame

Answer 5

sequences of triplet nucleotides that after transcription and mRNA splicing, are translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 6

Open Reading frames within’ DNA typically begin with upstream regulatory sequences as well as a three base initiation sequence. Name one common regulatory sequence as well as the initiation sequence

Answer 6

TATA Box, GC Box, CAAT Box, Silencers, initiation sequences. Initiation sequence ATG

Question 7

BLAST

Answer 7

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool - the process of searching through banks of DNA and protein sequences .

Question 8

Homologous Genes

Answer 8

similar sequences.

Question 9

When determining the function of a gene, scientists often analyze possible amino acid sequences for the presence of two basic physical characteristics of polypeptides They are _____ and ______

Answer 9

Domains and Motifs

Question 10

What is one example of a domain that could be discovered through annotation of a known DNA sequence?

Answer 10

Ion Channel, membrane Spanning region, DNA-binding region
(Structural domains that allow for secretion and export of signal)
(IMbD)

Question 11

What are different types of motifs?

Answer 11

HLC
Helix-turn-Helix
Leucine Zipper
Zinc finger 
(a motif is a DNA-binding protein that have characteristic patterns)

Question 12

Codon Bias

Answer 12

Present in exons and not introns. The choosing of a specific codon set instead or an alternative one.

Question 13

Clone-by-clone approach or map based cloning

Answer 13

Uses cloning vectors such as BACs and YACs

Question 14

Prokaryotic genomes such as bacterial genomes have a high gene density. This is due to the fact that lack introns and repetitive sequences. Provide one other reason for this high gene density.

Answer 14

Many prokaryotic genes are arrange into operons.

Question 15

What is the name for a complete set of proteins encoded by a genome within a particular cell

Answer 15

proteome

Question 16

Proteomics can be used to determine differences between the number of genes in a genome and _________

Answer 16

The number of different proteins produced.

Question 17

Nutrigenomics

Answer 17

The Idea that a diet can be tailored to an individual genome and improve health

Question 18

Orthologs

Answer 18

homologous genes from a common ancestor in different species.

Question 19

Paralogs

Answer 19

homologous genes in the same species, usually as a result of duplication. They have similar or identical functions.

Question 20

Clone-by-clone method

Answer 20

Very time consuming

1) create restriction map
2) ligate into vectors
3) digest DNA into smaller segments
4) subclone into cosmids or plasmids BACs and YACs.

Question 21

High-throughput sequencing

Answer 21

Computer automated sequencers which use capillary array electrophoresis to assemble genomes. Has made sequencing much faster. 500x

Question 22

Whole Genome shotgun sequencing

Answer 22

alignment is lining up of contigs or comparison and identifying overlap in order to assemble a genome