Chapter 21 Flash Cards
What are two approaches used by genomic Scientists when sequencing genomes?
Clone-by-clone approach
Whole genome shotgun Sequencing
This branch of biology attempts to identify gene function; based on a gene’s resulting RNA or possible proteins that they code for. What is this branch?
Functional Genomics
What process does structural and functional genomics utilize to identify genes, regulatory sequences, and other important sequences so that gene maps can be developed?
Annotation
Annotation
The identification and gene-regulatory sequences and other sequences of interest to develop gene maps.
Open Reading Frame
sequences of triplet nucleotides that after transcription and mRNA splicing, are translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein
Open Reading frames within’ DNA typically begin with upstream regulatory sequences as well as a three base initiation sequence. Name one common regulatory sequence as well as the initiation sequence
TATA Box, GC Box, CAAT Box, Silencers, initiation sequences. Initiation sequence ATG
BLAST
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool - the process of searching through banks of DNA and protein sequences .
Homologous Genes
similar sequences.
When determining the function of a gene, scientists often analyze possible amino acid sequences for the presence of two basic physical characteristics of polypeptides They are _____ and ______
Domains and Motifs
What is one example of a domain that could be discovered through annotation of a known DNA sequence?
Ion Channel, membrane Spanning region, DNA-binding region
(Structural domains that allow for secretion and export of signal)
(IMbD)
What are different types of motifs?
HLC Helix-turn-Helix Leucine Zipper Zinc finger (a motif is a DNA-binding protein that have characteristic patterns)
Codon Bias
Present in exons and not introns. The choosing of a specific codon set instead or an alternative one.
Clone-by-clone approach or map based cloning
Uses cloning vectors such as BACs and YACs
Prokaryotic genomes such as bacterial genomes have a high gene density. This is due to the fact that lack introns and repetitive sequences. Provide one other reason for this high gene density.
Many prokaryotic genes are arrange into operons.
What is the name for a complete set of proteins encoded by a genome within a particular cell
proteome
Proteomics can be used to determine differences between the number of genes in a genome and _________
The number of different proteins produced.
Nutrigenomics
The Idea that a diet can be tailored to an individual genome and improve health
Orthologs
homologous genes from a common ancestor in different species.
Paralogs
homologous genes in the same species, usually as a result of duplication. They have similar or identical functions.
Clone-by-clone method
Very time consuming
1) create restriction map
2) ligate into vectors
3) digest DNA into smaller segments
4) subclone into cosmids or plasmids BACs and YACs.
High-throughput sequencing
Computer automated sequencers which use capillary array electrophoresis to assemble genomes. Has made sequencing much faster. 500x
Whole Genome shotgun sequencing
alignment is lining up of contigs or comparison and identifying overlap in order to assemble a genome
