chapter 25

Question 1

what are endocrine glands, what hormones are produced by each gland & what is the function of the hormones

Answer 1

• *endocrine glands–»also called ductless glands because they release hormones directly into the circulatory system rather than by way of ducts
  
  • —hormones:
    
    • -»oxytocin—stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
    • -»antidiuretic hormone [ADH]–promotes retention of water of kidneys
    • -»releasing hormones—regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Question 2

how is the level of calcium controlled in the blood

Answer 2

calcitonin which lowers blood calcium level by stimulating calcium deposition in bones and reducing calcium uptake in the kidneys

Question 3

how is the level of glucose controlled in the blood

Answer 3

insulin which lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating body cells to take up glucose and stimulating the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen for storage

Question 4

what is a goiter, what is diabetes & what is hypoglycemia

Answer 4

goiter–»enlargement of the thyroid

diabetes–»deficiency of insulin (or inability of cells to use insulin)

hypoglycemia–»overproduction of insulin

Question 5

how are the adrenal glands involved in responses to stress

Answer 5

• *There are two regions adrenal medulla (central core) and adrenal cortex (outer region) and the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine which are involved in the short-term stress response (the fight-or-flight reaction).
• *Adrenal cortex produces corticoid hormones – these are involved in the long-term stress response – they affect various aspects of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and regulate the levels of various mineral ions in the body fluids – one serious long-term effect may be the suppression of the immune system.