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UHD Exam 5 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes most symptoms when theres a problem in the endocrine system?

A

under or overproduction of a hormone

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2
Q

diagnosis of a problem in the endocrine system depends on matching symptoms and signs with..

A
  • hormone dysfunction
  • laboratory confirmation of abnormal hormone levels
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3
Q

tests for endocrine problems

A
  • physical exam
  • lab analysis of blood or urine
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4
Q

what does a physical exam consist of?

A
  • enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
  • palpation to look for localized nodules, cysts, and masses
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5
Q

how are neoplasms of endocrine organs detected?

A
  • effects of the mass
  • effects of hormones produced by the neoplasm if it is functional
  • hypofunction if the neoplasm replaces normal glandular tissue
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6
Q

what to look for in lab analysis of blood or urine

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • parathyroid hormone
  • steroid hormone
  • catecholamines and breakdown products
  • stimulatory hormones released by pituitary
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7
Q

anterior pituitary produces what hormones?

A

tropic hormones

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8
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates growth of tissues

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9
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

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10
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A
  • antidiuretic: causes more concentrated urine
  • oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions and milk secretion
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11
Q

what is the most common tumor to affect pituitary glands?

A

adenomas of the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

characteristics of pituitary neoplasms

A
  • most are functioning tumors
  • usually produce only a single hormone
  • many grow slowly and have other side affects
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13
Q

mass effect

A

pressure on nearby structures, most common is optic chiasm which causes vision issues, also causes intracranial pressure

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14
Q

stalk effect

A

interference with hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin secretion (mass blocks it), causes milk production when not pregnant

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15
Q

growth hormone adenoma

A
  • functioning
  • GH overproduction (gigantism and acromemgaly)
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16
Q

clinical manifestations of acromegaly

A
  • connective tissue proliferation
  • metabolic problems
  • bony proliferation
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17
Q

what results from connective tissue proliferation in acromegaly?

A
  • enlarged tongue
  • interstitial edema
  • increase in size and function of oil and sweat glands
  • coarse skin and body hair
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18
Q

what results from metabolic problems in acromegaly?

A

abnormal glucose tolerance
- cardiac hypertrophy
- hypertension
- atherosclerosis
- type 2 diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

what results from bony proliferations in acromegaly?

A
  • large joints
  • enlargement of facial bones, cranium, and hands and feet
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20
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

results from destruction of anterior pituitary, causes atrophy of thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads, lethal if not treated

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21
Q

most common causes of panhypopituitarism

A
  • large neoplasms of pituitary
  • postpartum pituitary necrosis
  • surgical removal of pituitary
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22
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • posterior pituitary disease
  • insufficiency of ADH
  • caused by destruction of posterior pituitary/hypothalamus (tumors, surgery, hemorrhage)
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23
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

poluria and polydipsia, partial/total inability to concentrate the urine

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24
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A
  • T3 = iodine
  • T4 = thyroxine
  • T4 is inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues
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25
function of the thyroid gland
regulate basal metabolic rate
26
thyroid gland also..
controls release of thyroid hormones, dependent on iodine
27
causes of hypothyroidism
- destruction or atrophy of thyroid gland - deficient production of thyroid stimulating hormone by pituitary - iodine deficiency - autoimmune = hashimoto thyroiditis
28
symptoms of hypothyroidism
- always cold - slow reflexes - weight gain
29
diagnosis of hypothyroidism
look for elevated TSH in blood
30
acquired hypothyroidism
- lack of iodine in diet - T3/4 are not made - lack negative feedback to the hypothalamus - TRH and TSH continue to be made - thyroid will enlarge in response to the TSH and result in a nontoxic goiter
31
hyperthyroidism most common cause
grave's disease (80-90% of all hyperthyroidism)
32
hyperthyroidism
- common autoimmune diseases in U.S. - mostly women - antibody mimics TSH
33
manifestations of hyperthyroidism
- increased heart rate and palpitations - weight loss despite increased appetite - flushed skin and intolerance to heat - tremor - hyperactivity - diarrhea - insomnia - exopthalamus (bug eyes)
34
diagnosis of hyperthyroidism
decreased TSH in blood
35
diabetes mellitus
group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose)
36
normal blood glucose
70-100 mg/dL blood
37
high blood glucose
>125 mg/dL blood
38
type 1 diabetes
pancreatic beta cell destruction predominantly by an autoimmune process
39
type 2 diabetes
a combination of beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance
40
prediabetes
100-125 mg/dL blood glucose range
41
diagnosis of diabetes
one of the following criteria - classic symptoms and random blood glucose >200mg/dL - fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL - blood glucose >200 mg/dL after OGTT
42
symptoms of diabetes
- glucose in urine - polyuria - dehydration - weight loss
43
characteristics of type 1 diabetes
- more common in younger age - require insulin shots (insulin dependent)
44
characteristics of type 2 diabetes
- main risk factor is obesity - age associated - not insulin dependent
45
is type 1 diabetes an autoimmune disease?
yes - clinical symptoms following destruction of 80-90% of beta cells - genetic susceptibility (HLA genes)
46
prediabetes definition
number of insulin-producing beta cells is beginning to decline
47
diagnosis of prediabetes
fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dL blood
48
what is prediabetes an indicator of?
weight loss, exercise, and healthy eating are needed to improve or diabetes will occur
49
treatment of prediabetes
pharmacologic treatment, improve glucose tolerance
50
gestational diabetes
high level of placental hormones cause the pregnant woman to be less responsive to insulin
51
how to treat gestational diabetes
- manage with diet (decrease carbs) - diet with supplementary insulin if necessary
52
acute effects of diabetes
- polyuria - polydipsia - polphyagia: increase appetite - urinary water loss (wasting electrolytes, deficits of sodium) - ketoacidosis
53
diabetic ketoacidosis
increase of ketones in diabetes
54
diabetic ketoacidosis characterizations
- hyperventilation - glycosuria - acidosis - vomiting - nausea - osmotic diuresis - volume depletion
55
is diabetic ketoacidosis life threatening?
yes, changes in pH and nervous system affects, more common in type 1
56
acute complications of diabetes
- diabetic ketoacidosis - hypoglycemia (blood glucose below 50 mg/dL blood, hypoglycemic unawareness)
57
complications of diabetes
- mainly caused by hyperglycemia - glycosylation: glucose binds to proteins
58
effects of glycosylation
- inflammation - promote thrombosis - damage endothelial cells - promote vascular disease
59
long term effects of diabetes
- proportional to severity and duration of hyperglycemia - atherosclerotic vascular disease (blood vessels) - kidney disease (blood vessels) - retina (blindness) - peripheral nerve disease (leads to neuropathy) - infections
60
main treatment of diabetes
blood glucose control, diet, and exercise
61
type 1 diabetes treatment
insulin replacement
62
type 2 diabetes treatment
- oral drugs to increase insulin secretion or decrease hyperglycemia - limit carbs - exercise - insulin

UHD Exam 5 (5 decks)

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