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UHD Exam 5 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes most symptoms when theres a problem in the endocrine system?

A

under or overproduction of a hormone

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2
Q

diagnosis of a problem in the endocrine system depends on matching symptoms and signs with..

A
  • hormone dysfunction
  • laboratory confirmation of abnormal hormone levels
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3
Q

tests for endocrine problems

A
  • physical exam
  • lab analysis of blood or urine
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4
Q

what does a physical exam consist of?

A
  • enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
  • palpation to look for localized nodules, cysts, and masses
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5
Q

how are neoplasms of endocrine organs detected?

A
  • effects of the mass
  • effects of hormones produced by the neoplasm if it is functional
  • hypofunction if the neoplasm replaces normal glandular tissue
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6
Q

what to look for in lab analysis of blood or urine

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • parathyroid hormone
  • steroid hormone
  • catecholamines and breakdown products
  • stimulatory hormones released by pituitary
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7
Q

anterior pituitary produces what hormones?

A

tropic hormones

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8
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates growth of tissues

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9
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

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10
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A
  • antidiuretic: causes more concentrated urine
  • oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions and milk secretion
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11
Q

what is the most common tumor to affect pituitary glands?

A

adenomas of the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

characteristics of pituitary neoplasms

A
  • most are functioning tumors
  • usually produce only a single hormone
  • many grow slowly and have other side affects
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13
Q

mass effect

A

pressure on nearby structures, most common is optic chiasm which causes vision issues, also causes intracranial pressure

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14
Q

stalk effect

A

interference with hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin secretion (mass blocks it), causes milk production when not pregnant

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15
Q

growth hormone adenoma

A
  • functioning
  • GH overproduction (gigantism and acromemgaly)
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16
Q

clinical manifestations of acromegaly

A
  • connective tissue proliferation
  • metabolic problems
  • bony proliferation
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17
Q

what results from connective tissue proliferation in acromegaly?

A
  • enlarged tongue
  • interstitial edema
  • increase in size and function of oil and sweat glands
  • coarse skin and body hair
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18
Q

what results from metabolic problems in acromegaly?

A

abnormal glucose tolerance
- cardiac hypertrophy
- hypertension
- atherosclerosis
- type 2 diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

what results from bony proliferations in acromegaly?

A
  • large joints
  • enlargement of facial bones, cranium, and hands and feet
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20
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

results from destruction of anterior pituitary, causes atrophy of thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads, lethal if not treated

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21
Q

most common causes of panhypopituitarism

A
  • large neoplasms of pituitary
  • postpartum pituitary necrosis
  • surgical removal of pituitary
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22
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • posterior pituitary disease
  • insufficiency of ADH
  • caused by destruction of posterior pituitary/hypothalamus (tumors, surgery, hemorrhage)
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23
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

poluria and polydipsia, partial/total inability to concentrate the urine

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24
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A
  • T3 = iodine
  • T4 = thyroxine
  • T4 is inactive until converted into T3 in the tissues
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25
Q

function of the thyroid gland

A

regulate basal metabolic rate

26
Q

thyroid gland also..

A

controls release of thyroid hormones, dependent on iodine

27
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A
  • destruction or atrophy of thyroid gland
  • deficient production of thyroid stimulating hormone by pituitary
  • iodine deficiency
  • autoimmune = hashimoto thyroiditis
28
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • always cold
  • slow reflexes
  • weight gain
29
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

look for elevated TSH in blood

30
Q

acquired hypothyroidism

A
  • lack of iodine in diet
  • T3/4 are not made
  • lack negative feedback to the hypothalamus
  • TRH and TSH continue to be made
  • thyroid will enlarge in response to the TSH and result in a nontoxic goiter
31
Q

hyperthyroidism most common cause

A

grave’s disease (80-90% of all hyperthyroidism)

32
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • common autoimmune diseases in U.S.
  • mostly women
  • antibody mimics TSH
33
Q

manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A
  • increased heart rate and palpitations
  • weight loss despite increased appetite
  • flushed skin and intolerance to heat
  • tremor
  • hyperactivity
  • diarrhea
  • insomnia
  • exopthalamus (bug eyes)
34
Q

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

decreased TSH in blood

35
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose)

36
Q

normal blood glucose

A

70-100 mg/dL blood

37
Q

high blood glucose

A

> 125 mg/dL blood

38
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

pancreatic beta cell destruction predominantly by an autoimmune process

39
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

a combination of beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance

40
Q

prediabetes

A

100-125 mg/dL blood glucose range

41
Q

diagnosis of diabetes

A

one of the following criteria
- classic symptoms and random blood glucose >200mg/dL
- fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL
- blood glucose >200 mg/dL after OGTT

42
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • glucose in urine
  • polyuria
  • dehydration
  • weight loss
43
Q

characteristics of type 1 diabetes

A
  • more common in younger age
  • require insulin shots (insulin dependent)
44
Q

characteristics of type 2 diabetes

A
  • main risk factor is obesity
  • age associated
  • not insulin dependent
45
Q

is type 1 diabetes an autoimmune disease?

A

yes
- clinical symptoms following destruction of 80-90% of beta cells
- genetic susceptibility (HLA genes)

46
Q

prediabetes definition

A

number of insulin-producing beta cells is beginning to decline

47
Q

diagnosis of prediabetes

A

fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dL blood

48
Q

what is prediabetes an indicator of?

A

weight loss, exercise, and healthy eating are needed to improve or diabetes will occur

49
Q

treatment of prediabetes

A

pharmacologic treatment, improve glucose tolerance

50
Q

gestational diabetes

A

high level of placental hormones cause the pregnant woman to be less responsive to insulin

51
Q

how to treat gestational diabetes

A
  • manage with diet (decrease carbs)
  • diet with supplementary insulin if necessary
52
Q

acute effects of diabetes

A
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • polphyagia: increase appetite
  • urinary water loss (wasting electrolytes, deficits of sodium)
  • ketoacidosis
53
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

increase of ketones in diabetes

54
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis characterizations

A
  • hyperventilation
  • glycosuria
  • acidosis
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • osmotic diuresis
  • volume depletion
55
Q

is diabetic ketoacidosis life threatening?

A

yes, changes in pH and nervous system affects, more common in type 1

56
Q

acute complications of diabetes

A
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • hypoglycemia (blood glucose below 50 mg/dL blood, hypoglycemic unawareness)
57
Q

complications of diabetes

A
  • mainly caused by hyperglycemia
  • glycosylation: glucose binds to proteins
58
Q

effects of glycosylation

A
  • inflammation
  • promote thrombosis
  • damage endothelial cells
  • promote vascular disease
59
Q

long term effects of diabetes

A
  • proportional to severity and duration of hyperglycemia
  • atherosclerotic vascular disease (blood vessels)
  • kidney disease (blood vessels)
  • retina (blindness)
  • peripheral nerve disease (leads to neuropathy)
  • infections
60
Q

main treatment of diabetes

A

blood glucose control, diet, and exercise

61
Q

type 1 diabetes treatment

A

insulin replacement

62
Q

type 2 diabetes treatment

A
  • oral drugs to increase insulin secretion or decrease hyperglycemia
  • limit carbs
  • exercise
  • insulin

UHD Exam 5 (5 decks)

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