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UHD Exam 5 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first spot of refraction?

A

cornea

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2
Q

where is the second spot of refraction?

A

lens

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3
Q

how does the lens change shape during accomadation?

A

ciliary muscle
- distance = flattens
- close = rounds

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4
Q

pupil

A

light rays enter, size determined by iris

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5
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors

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6
Q

macula

A

post on the retina that provides the greatest visual acuity

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7
Q

fovea

A

central portion of the macula

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8
Q

signs and symptoms of eye disorders resulting in decreased visual acuity ..

A
  • visual field defects (focal areas of blindness)
  • pain (manifestation of trauma, infection, or increased intraocular pressure)
  • blurred vision
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9
Q

strabismus

A

crossed eyes

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10
Q

etiology of strabimus

A
  • eye muscles don’t work together
  • confuses the brain
  • brain ignores image from weaker eye
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11
Q

amblyopia

A

lazy eye

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12
Q

nystagmus

A

fast, uncontrollable eye movements, one or both eyes

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13
Q

etiology of nystagmus

A
  • congenital
  • acquired from head injury, stroke, inner ear disorders, drugs/medication
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14
Q

tests for eye disorders

A
  • visual acuity tests
  • ophthalmoscope (retina)
  • tonometer (measures intraocular pressure)
  • slit-lamp (cornea, iris, and lens)
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15
Q

hyperopia (farsighted)

A

can see far, struggle close up, shorter eyeball

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16
Q

myopia (nearsighted)

A

trouble seeing far, can see close up, longer eyeball

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17
Q

presbyopia

A

accommodation changes due to age

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18
Q

astigmatism

A

curvature in cornea

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19
Q

diagnosing refraction disorders

A

snellen eye chart

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20
Q

general signs and symptoms of refraction disorders

A
  • poor vision
  • headaches
  • eyestrain
  • fatigue
  • burning
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21
Q

myopia signs and symptoms

A
  • blurred vision
  • squinting when looking at distant objects
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22
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperopia

A

difficulty focusing on near objects

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23
Q

procedures for refractive disorders

A
  • laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
  • phakic intraocular lens implant (nearsightedness)
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24
Q

what kind of corrective lens does myopia need?

A

concave lens

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25
Q

what kind of corrective lens does hyperopia need?

A

convex lens

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26
Q

what kind of corrective lens does astigmatism need?

A

glasses or hard contact lens

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27
Q

what kind of corrective lens does presbyopia need?

A

reading glasses, or bifocal lens

28
Q

conjuctivitis

A

bacterial, fungal, viral, or allergy infection in the conjuctiva causing redness and inflammation

29
Q

corneal keratitis

A

infection, typically unilateral, can lead to vision loss from scarring

30
Q

corneal kertopathy (band keratopathy)

A

deposition of calcium salts within cornea, leads to pain and decreased acuity

31
Q

corneal dystrophy

A

bilateral, genetic, abnormal accumulation in cornea (clouding)

32
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of lens (no longer clear), age related degeneration

33
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness in adults worldwide?

A

cataracts

34
Q

what percentage of adults will have cataracts by age 65?

A

90%

35
Q

symptoms of cataracts

A

pupil looks milky white

36
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

surgery (LASIK)

37
Q

glaucoma

A

optic nerve is damaged by abnormally increased intraocular pressure (irreversible)

38
Q

what is the second most common cause of blindness in the world?

A

glaucoma

39
Q

what causes glaucoma?

A

build up of aqueous humor (intraoccular pressure)

40
Q

acute glaucoma

A

possible loss of vision within 1 day, emergency

41
Q

signs and symptoms of glaucoma

A
  • severe eye pain
  • blurred vision
  • eye redness
  • light halos
  • nausea
  • vomiting
42
Q

risk factors of glaucoma

A
  • age
  • refractive disorders
  • genetics
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
43
Q

retinal detachment

A

retinal peels away from underlying support tissue, emergency, can lead to blindness

44
Q

symptoms of retinal detachment

A

spots, floaters, flashes of light, not painful

45
Q

etiology of retinal detachment

A
  • trauma to eye
  • genetic disease (marfan syndrome)
  • extreme nearsightedness
46
Q

treatment of retinal detachment

A

surgery

47
Q

macular degeneration

A

damage to macular, does not lead to complete loss of vision

48
Q

what is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 60?

A

macular degeneration

49
Q

risk factors of macular degeneration

A
  • age
  • obesity
  • UV light exposure
  • smoking
  • family history
  • ethnicity
50
Q

treatment for macular degeneration

A

no cure

51
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

damage to retina due to hypertension

52
Q

etiology of hypertensive retinopathy

A
  • vessel narrowing
  • microinfarcts
  • hemorrhages
  • exudates/edema
53
Q

hypertensive retinopathy leads to..

A
  • dim vision
  • vision loss
  • double vision
54
Q

treatment of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

meds to decrease BP

55
Q

diabetic retnopathy

A

retina sensitive to hyperglycemia, damage to blood vessels in cornea

56
Q

how much more likely are diabetics to go blind than normal individuals?

A

20x

57
Q

what can diabetic retinopathy lead to?

A
  • microhemorrhages
  • edema
  • neovascularization (new blood vessel growth)
58
Q

symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A
  • spots/floaters in eyes
  • blurred vision
  • empty spot in vision
59
Q

treatment of diabetic retinopathy

A
  • blood glucose control
  • surgery (seal leaking vessels)
60
Q

eye diseases in diabetic

A
  • glaucoma
  • retinal detachment
  • cataracts
  • diabetic retinopathy
61
Q

is color deficient sex linked?

A

x-linked recessive

62
Q

types of color deficient blindness

A
  • red-green
  • blue-yellow (trouble differentiating shades of blue and green)
  • complete absence of color vision (rare)
63
Q

retinoblastoma

A
  • children
  • rare malignant tumor of retinal cells
  • autosomal dominant inheritance (Rb1 gene)
64
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • adults
  • ocular melanoma (from melanocytes in choroid layer, effects iris)
  • worse prognosis than skin melanoma
65
Q

organ failure (blindness)

A
  • defined as visual acuity 20/200
  • 4/1000 people legally blind
66
Q

causes of blindness

A
  • lesions
  • developmental
  • trauma

UHD Exam 5 (5 decks)

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