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UHD Exam 5 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

osteoblasts

A

osteoid, make bone

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2
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone

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3
Q

osteocytes

A

cell trapped in bone

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4
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • lay down cartilage (chondrocytes)
  • laying down of bone
  • ossification at epiphyseal plate
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5
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  • no cartilage phase occurs
  • typically occurs in flat bones
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6
Q

bone mineral density

A
  • amount of mineral per cm/bone
  • indicator of fracture risk
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7
Q

factors influencing bone mineral density

A
  • diet
  • physical activity
  • hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, estrogen)
  • ethnicity (caucasian/asian)
  • age
  • sex (females)
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8
Q

what is the most frequent affliction of bone?

A

fracture

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9
Q

what causes a fracture?

A
  • trauma
  • pathologic (cancer and osteoporosis)
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10
Q

osteopenia

A

generalized loss of bone

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11
Q

what causes osteopenia?

A

osteoporosis and osteomalacia

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12
Q

what is the most common malignancy of bone?

A

metastatic cancer

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13
Q

what is the most common metastatic cancer in adults?

A

multiple myeloma

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14
Q

what is the most common metastatic cancer in children?

A

osteosarcoma and ewing sarcoma

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15
Q

most common symptoms associated with bone..

A
  • pain
  • decreased mobility
  • deformity
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16
Q

symptoms associated with arthritis..

A
  • joint stiffness and decreased mobility
  • pain and inflammation
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17
Q

diagnostic modalities for bone abnormalities

A

x rays and CT scans

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18
Q

serum tests for bone abnormalities may include..

A
  • calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • rheumatoid factor and uric acid levels
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19
Q

other tests for bone abnormalities

A
  • cultures to diagnose arthritis and osteomyelitis
  • biopsy to confirm infection or identify bone tumor
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20
Q

achondroplasia is the leading cause of..

A

dwarfism

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21
Q

what gene is affected in achondroplasia?

A

fibroblast growth factor 3 receptor (FGFR3)
- autosomal dominant

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22
Q

what does achondroplasia affect?

A
  • faulty 1 bone formation
  • impaired growth of extremities and formation of skull bones
  • causes dwarfism with disproportionately short limbs
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23
Q

ostogenesis imperfecta is also known as what?

A

brittle bone disease (thin and delicate bones easily broken)

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24
Q

the mutation in genes in ostogenesis imperfecta results in what?

A

insufficient collagen formation
- autosomal dominant

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25
what are characteristics of ostogenesis imperfecta?
- increase susceptibility to bone fractures (also in utero) - eight types - malformation of fingers and toes - spinal curvature - brittle teeth - blue sclera
26
what is the most common congenital disorder of the legs?
congenital clubfoot (talipes)
27
congenital clubfoot
- not painful - curvature of the feet inwards toward the body - multifactorial inheritance
28
treatment of congenital clubfoot
manipulation and casts
29
fracture definition
any disruption in continuity of bone
30
where does the pain from fractures come from?
tearing of periosteum
31
simple fracture
bone broken in only two pieces
32
comminuted fracture
bone shattered into many pieces
33
compound fracture
overlying skin is broken with potential for infection
34
pathologic fracture
fracture through a diseased area in the bone
35
greenstick
before bones fuse together at puberty, bendy
36
what needs to happen in order for fractures to heal?
- broken fragments must be close to each other - fracture must be stabilized
37
healing process of fractures
- proliferation of osteoblasts from fracture margins and vascular channels from periosteum - immature bone and cartilage gradually remodel into mature bone
38
osteomyelitis
bacterial infection of bone and marrow
39
organisms gain access to bone via..
- spread of infection from somewhere else - following trauma or surgery to bone itself
40
manifestation of osteomyelitis
fever, local pain and tenderness
41
diagnosis of osteomyelitis
x ray
42
treatment of osteomyelitis
antibiotics and possible surgery
43
complications of osteomyelitis
- spread of infection (endocarditis and sepsis) - amputation
44
osteoporosis
multifactorial disease characterized by absolute reduction of total bone mass
45
is osteoporosis age related?
yes, 1/3 of population over 85 have it
46
signs and symptoms of osteoporosis
- disease itself has no symptoms - increased risk of fractures (mortality, loss of independent living, decreased mobility)
47
causes of osteoporosis
- primary (intrinsic to bone itself) - secondary (cortisol excess, increase PTH)
48
osteoporosis risk factors
- age - ethnicity - genetics (vitamin D receptor) - skeletal frame size - decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone - decreased activity level - excess intake of phosphorus, alcohol, nicotine - inadequate levels of vitamin D, Ca2+, K+, or Mg2+
49
when is a persons peak bone mass?
25-30
50
clinical manifestations of osteoporosis
- vertebral fractures - lumbar lordosis and kyphoscoliosis - pulmonary embolism may result from overt fractures of the femoral neck, pelvis or spine
51
diagnosis of osteoporosis
- plain radiographs don't detect disease until 30-40% of bone mass is lost - dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
52
treatment of osteoporosis
medication - inhibition of osteoclasts - estrogen mimetic - synthetic PTH
53
what is a precursor to osteoporosis?
osteopenia
54
osteomalacia
adults
55
rickets
children
56
osteomalacia and rickets
softening of bone
57
causes of osteomalacia and rickets
vitamin D deficiency
58
complications of osteomalacia and rickets
- deformity - increased fracture risk
59
scoliosis
abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of spine
60
kyphosis
abnormal forward bending of upper spine
61
potential causes of scoliosis and kyphosis
- arthritis - congenital - osteoporosis - idiopathic
62
complications of scoliosis and kyphosis
- impairment of activity - breathing problems - back pain
63
most common neoplasms of bone
metastatic tumors from prostate, breasts, other organs
64
hematopoeitic cancers of the bone account for what percentage?
40%, myeloma and leukemia
65
bone tumor groups
- bone - cartilage - fibrous - miscellaneous
66
osteoma
benign cysts and tumors, resembles normal bone, symptomatic, often in facial bones, no malignant changes
67
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone-forming cell, most malignant tumor of bone in children (70%), ends of long bones, metastases is common
68
symptoms of osteosarcoma
- bone pain - progressive enlarging mass - pathologic fractures
69
is osteosarcoma more common in males or females?
males
70
arthritis is degeneration of what joints?
synovial joints
71
most common symptoms associated with arthritis
- joint stiffness and decreased mobility - pain and inflammation
72
tests for arthritis
arthroscopy to visualize joint space
73
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease, most common joint disease, affects weight-bearing big joints, small joints of hands and feet
74
osteoarthritis is also known as..
"wear and tear" disease of old age
75
primary osteoarthritis
cause unknown or multifactorial
76
secondary osteoarthritis
related to another disease
77
etiology of osteoarthritis
- cartilage becomes thin - bone surfaces rub against each other - little inflammation until advanced stage
78
risk factors of osteoarthritis
- increased age - joint trauma, long-term mechanical stress - endocrine disorders - drugs - obesity
79
treatment of osteoarthritis
replace joints
80
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic autoimmune disease affecting connective tissues throughout the body, especially the joints (small)
81
what does rheumatoid arthritis produce?
chronic inflammation and thickening of synovial membrane
82
what is rheumatoid arthritis often associated with?
rheumatoid factor
83
is rheumatoid arthritis age associated?
no
84
clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis
- extremely variable - begins with malaise, fatigue and generalized musculoskeletal pain and then joint pain - small points are usually affected first - involved joints are swollen, warm, painful and stiff on arising or following inactivity
85
rheumatoid arthritis treatment
immunosuppressants
86
gout
disorder of purine metabolism, disrupts the bodys control of uric acid production or excretion
87
where do crystals deposit when a person has gout?
- 50% in big toe joint - heel, ankle, instep of foot, knee, wrist, or elbow
88
gouty arthritis
crystals occur in the synovial fluid causing inflammation
89
contributing factors of gout
- age - male sex - obesity - high intake of alcohol, red meat - genetic predisposition

UHD Exam 5 (5 decks)

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