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UHD Exam 5 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

myotrauma (muscle strain)

A

injury to muscle or tendon

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2
Q

symptoms of muscle strain

A
  • pain
  • redness and or bruising
  • limited mobility
  • muscle weakness
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3
Q

how does the skeletal muscle repair itself?

A

satellite cells

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4
Q

how long does a muscle strain heal?

A

8-10 weeks

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5
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

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6
Q

muscle tests

A
  • muscle biopsy
  • electromyography
  • lab tests (creatine kinase elevation = problem)
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7
Q

classifications of muscle disorders

A
  • myopathic
  • neurogenic
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8
Q

myopathy

A

neuromuscular diseases in which the muscle fibers do not function for multiple reasons, resulting in muscular weakness

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9
Q

acquired myopathy

A
  • infections
  • inflammation
  • endocrine/metabolic
  • alcohol
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10
Q

hereditary/genetic myopathy

A

mutations or deletions of genes coding for parts of a muscle

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11
Q

inflammatory myopathy

A

inflammation of a muscle

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12
Q

muscular dystrophies

A

group of disorders that cause degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers

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13
Q

what are the skeletal muscles replaced with in muscular dystrophy?

A

fat and fibrous tissue

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14
Q

what does muscular dystrophy cause?

A

progressive, symmetric weakness, and wasting of skeletal muscle groups (extremities/heart)

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15
Q

what is the most common type of muscular dystrophy?

A

duchenne

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16
Q

is duchenne muscular dystrophy sex linked?

A

yes, x-linked recessive (only males can get)

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17
Q

what gene is mutated in duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

dystrophin, affected muscle cells begin to die because of damage to the membrane

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18
Q

how does duchenne muscular dystrophy present?

A

normal at birth, manifestations appear by 3 years of age

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19
Q

manifestations of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A
  • slow motor development
  • progressive weakness
  • muscle wasting
  • sitting and standing are delayed
  • clumsy, falls frequently, difficulty climbing stairs
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20
Q

what is a common feature in kids with duchenne?

A

enlarged calves

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21
Q

when do kids become wheelchair bound?

A

8-12

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22
Q

what is the life span for a person with duchenne?

A

12-20 years, die from respiratory insufficiency or pneumonia

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23
Q

inflammatory degenerative diseases are the..

A

largest group of acquired and potentially treatable causes of skeletal muscle weakness

24
Q

myogenic causes

A
  • infectious
  • immune
  • metabolic
  • other (radiation, ischemia)
25
Q

chronic inflammatory myopathy

A

autoimmune disease disorders

26
Q

symptoms of chronic inflammatory myopathy

A
  • progressive muscle weakness
  • elevated CK levels
  • systemic inflammation (elevated CRP)
27
Q

polymyositis

A

muscle only, lymphocyte infiltration

28
Q

dermatomyositis

A

muscle and skin, characteristic rash of eyelids, face, and upper chest

29
Q

metabolic myopathy

A

metabolic disease causing muscle weakness

30
Q

mcardles disease

A

glycogen storage disease, defect of myophosphorylase

31
Q

when does mcardles disease manifest?

A

childhood and adolescence

32
Q

symptoms of mcardles disease

A
  • exercise intolerance
  • painful muscle cramps
  • myoglobinuria
33
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

dissolving of skeletal muscle

34
Q

where do the damaged skeletal muscle fragments go in rhabdomyolysis?

A

leak myoglobin into the plasma, cause orange/brown urine

35
Q

what does excess myoglobin in the plasma cause?

A
  • nephrotoxicity: toxic to kidneys, lead to acute renal failure
  • tubular obstruction
36
Q

what are myoglobinuria symptoms similar to?

A

hematuria and hemoglobinuria

37
Q

rhabdomyolysis pathophysiology

A
  • hyperkalemia
  • acute renal failure
  • reduction in blood volume
38
Q

third spacing

A
  • fluid sequestration in damaged tissue
  • dehydration
  • decreased blood flow to kidneys
39
Q

neurogenic disorders

A

disorders of neuromuscular transmission

40
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

failure of neuromuscular transmission, muscle weakness that is typically aggravated by repeated contraction

41
Q

etiology of myasthenia gravis

A

blockage and destruction of acetylcholine receptors by autoantibody

42
Q

is myasthenia gravis an organ specific autoimmune disease?

A

yes

43
Q

in myasthenia gravis, antibodies are made against what?

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

what skeletal muscles are affected first in myasthenia gravis?

A

eye muscles, smallest motor units first

45
Q

what other muscles can be affected with myasthenia gravis?

A

facial muscles, limb, respiratory
- facial expression
- swallowing
- drooling
- speech impairment
- generalized weakness

46
Q

diagnostic testing for myasthenia gravis

A
  • tensilon test (will increase muscle strength)
  • EMG: decrease in amplitude of muscle action potentials when muscle is subjected to repeated voluntary contraction
  • serum assay for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody
47
Q

treatment for myasthenia gravis

A
  • immunosuppressives, cholinesterase inhibitors
  • thymectomy
48
Q

prognosis of myasthenia gravis

A

normal life expectancy

49
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

very rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle

50
Q

rhadomyosarcoma

A

rare malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

51
Q

where do rhadomyosarcomas most commonly occur?

A

anywhere, more common in head, neck and genitourinary tract

52
Q

is rhadomyosarcoma more common in children or adults?

A

children, soft tissue, superficial or deep

53
Q

flaccid paralysis

A
  • reduced muscle tone
  • typically lower motor neuron
54
Q

spastic paralysis

A
  • hypertonia
  • nerves hyperirritable
  • uncoordinated movement
55
Q

hemiplegia

A

one sided paralysis

56
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness on one half

UHD Exam 5 (5 decks)

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