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Kin Final > Chapter 24 - The Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

nephros, renalis

A

kidney

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2
Q

urinary system organs

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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3
Q

urinary system functions

A

maintains purity of blood and other body fluids by disposing of waste products
regulates blood volume and chemical makeup

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4
Q

urea

A

from breakdown of amino acids

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5
Q

uric acid

A

from nucleic acid turnover

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6
Q

creatinine

A

formed by creatine phosphate

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7
Q

Kidneys - external gross anatomy

A

reddish brown, bean shaped - retroperitoneal
right kidney is slightly inferior to left
lateral surface is convex, medial is concave
cushioning by fat layers

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8
Q

hilus

A

area where blood vessels, nerves pass

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9
Q

renal capsule

A

surrounds each kidney (dense CT layer)

maintains shape

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10
Q

Kidneys - internal gross anatomy 2 parts

A

cortex

medulla

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11
Q

cortex

A 
outer region 
renal corpuscles (filters)
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12
Q

medulla

A

inner region

renal columns surround and separate the pyramids

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13
Q

medullary pyramids

A

base and apex are striated

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14
Q

lobes

A

pyramid + cortical tissue

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15
Q

renal sinus

A

space in medial portion of kidney
opening to hills
contains renal vessels, nerves, fat, renal pelvis, and calices

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16
Q

renal pelvis

A

flat tube, superior portion of ureter

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17
Q

calyx

A

extension of renal pelvis

major or minor tubes that surround papillae (apex) of the pyramids

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18
Q

Arteries - kidneys

A

rich blood supply ~20-25% of heart’s systemic output
renal arteries deliver blood to kidneys
each renal artery divides into 5 segmental arteries
each segmental artery divides into lobar arteries, which divide into inter lobar arteries

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19
Q

Veins - kidneys

A

Trace artery pathways in reverse with the exception of lobar and segmental veins
renal veins exit kidney and empty into IVC

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20
Q

nerves - kidneys

A

renal plexus

sympathetic innervation

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21
Q

Uriniferous tubule

A

structural and functional unit of the kidney
crowded together into kidney
surrounded by loose CT (interstitial CT)

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22
Q

2 major parts of uriniferous tubule

A

nephron

collecting duct

23
Q

nephron

A

formed by a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

24
Q

Kidneys produce urine by (3)

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

25
Q

filtration

A

blood filtrate enters nephron

26
Q

reabsorption

A

nutrients, water, ions are returned to blood

27
Q

secretion

A

undesired substances move from blood to urine

28
Q

Nephron parts (4)

A

renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule

29
Q

renal corpuscle

A

filtration
located in cortex
glomerulus

30
Q

glomerulus

A

ball of capillaries with many pores
surrounded by glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) with capsular space
has filtration membrane

31
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

located in cortex, most active in reabsorption and secretion

32
Q

loop of Henle

A

descending limb = narrowest part

ascending limb = thick segment with a small portion of thin segment

33
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

located only in renal cortex
performs some reabsorption and secretion
conserves body fluids

34
Q

nephron classes

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

35
Q

cortical

A

located mostly in cortex

36
Q

juxtamedullary

A

renal corpuscles are located at cortex-medulla border; have long loops of Henle

37
Q

collecting tubules (ducts)

A

each receives urine from many nephrons
runs into medulla and combines with others to form papillary ducts, which empty into calicos
conserve body fluids; site where ADH acts

38
Q

ADH

A

increases permeability, causing more water to be reabsorbed

39
Q

Ureters

A

One per kidney
carry urine from kidneys to bladder
enters bladder obliquely (prevents blackflow)
distention causes contraction (peristaltic waves

40
Q

Layers of the Ureters (3)

A

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

41
Q

Urinary bladder

A 
collapsible, distensible, and muscular
stores and eliminates urine
males: anterior to rectum
females: anterior to vagina and uterus
full bladder holds ~1 pint of urine
42
Q

Urethra

A

thin-walled tube, drains urine from body

composed of smooth muscle and inner layer of mucosa

43
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

located between bladder and urethra, involuntary control

44
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

located at distal end of urethra, voluntary control

45
Q

Micturition

A

emptying the bladder
detrusor muscle contracts, assisted by abdominal wall muscles
controlled by brain

46
Q

Incontinence

A

inability to control micturition

47
Q

Brain and micturition

A

urine accumulates
bladder wall stretches and activates stretch receptors
sensory signals sent to pons
parasympathetic neurons signal detrusor muscle to contract

48
Q

Pathway

A 
blood
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of hence
distal convoluted tuble
collection tubule (duct)
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra
micturition
49
Q

Disorders of Urinary system

A

renal calculi (kidney stones)
pyelitis
pyelonephritis
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

50
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones
minerals in urine crystallize
most can pass but some become too big and obstruct a ureter

51
Q

pyelitis

A

infection of renal pelvis and calices

52
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection of entire kidney

53
Q

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

A

genetic disorder
cysts (fluid-filled sacs) form and enlarge
No obvious symptoms until age 30-40

Kin Final (4 decks)

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