Chapter 24 - The Urinary System

Question 1

nephros, renalis

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

urinary system organs

Answer 2

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 3

urinary system functions

Answer 3

maintains purity of blood and other body fluids by disposing of waste products
regulates blood volume and chemical makeup

Question 4

urea

Answer 4

from breakdown of amino acids

Question 5

uric acid

Answer 5

from nucleic acid turnover

Question 6

creatinine

Answer 6

formed by creatine phosphate

Question 7

Kidneys - external gross anatomy

Answer 7

reddish brown, bean shaped - retroperitoneal
right kidney is slightly inferior to left
lateral surface is convex, medial is concave
cushioning by fat layers

Question 8

hilus

Answer 8

area where blood vessels, nerves pass

Question 9

renal capsule

Answer 9

surrounds each kidney (dense CT layer)

maintains shape

Question 10

Kidneys - internal gross anatomy 2 parts

Answer 10

cortex

medulla

Question 11

cortex

Answer 11

outer region 
renal corpuscles (filters)

Question 12

medulla

Answer 12

inner region

renal columns surround and separate the pyramids

Question 13

medullary pyramids

Answer 13

base and apex are striated

Question 14

lobes

Answer 14

pyramid + cortical tissue

Question 15

renal sinus

Answer 15

space in medial portion of kidney
opening to hills
contains renal vessels, nerves, fat, renal pelvis, and calices

Question 16

renal pelvis

Answer 16

flat tube, superior portion of ureter

Question 17

calyx

Answer 17

extension of renal pelvis

major or minor tubes that surround papillae (apex) of the pyramids

Question 18

Arteries - kidneys

Answer 18

rich blood supply ~20-25% of heart’s systemic output
renal arteries deliver blood to kidneys
each renal artery divides into 5 segmental arteries
each segmental artery divides into lobar arteries, which divide into inter lobar arteries

Question 19

Veins - kidneys

Answer 19

Trace artery pathways in reverse with the exception of lobar and segmental veins
renal veins exit kidney and empty into IVC

Question 20

nerves - kidneys

Answer 20

renal plexus

sympathetic innervation

Question 21

Uriniferous tubule

Answer 21

structural and functional unit of the kidney
crowded together into kidney
surrounded by loose CT (interstitial CT)

Question 22

2 major parts of uriniferous tubule

Answer 22

nephron

collecting duct

Question 23

nephron

Answer 23

formed by a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

Question 24

Kidneys produce urine by (3)

Answer 24

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

Question 25

filtration

Answer 25

blood filtrate enters nephron

Question 26

reabsorption

Answer 26

nutrients, water, ions are returned to blood

Question 27

secretion

Answer 27

undesired substances move from blood to urine

Question 28

Nephron parts (4)

Answer 28

renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

renal corpuscle

Answer 29

filtration located in cortex glomerulus

Question 30

glomerulus

Answer 30

ball of capillaries with many pores surrounded by glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) with capsular space has filtration membrane

Question 31

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

located in cortex, most active in reabsorption and secretion

Question 32

loop of Henle

Answer 32

descending limb = narrowest part | ascending limb = thick segment with a small portion of thin segment

Question 33

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 33

located only in renal cortex performs some reabsorption and secretion conserves body fluids

Question 34

nephron classes

Answer 34

cortical | juxtamedullary

Question 35

cortical

Answer 35

located mostly in cortex

Question 36

juxtamedullary

Answer 36

renal corpuscles are located at cortex-medulla border; have long loops of Henle

Question 37

collecting tubules (ducts)

Answer 37

each receives urine from many nephrons runs into medulla and combines with others to form papillary ducts, which empty into calicos conserve body fluids; site where ADH acts

Question 38

ADH

Answer 38

increases permeability, causing more water to be reabsorbed

Question 39

Ureters

Answer 39

One per kidney carry urine from kidneys to bladder enters bladder obliquely (prevents blackflow) distention causes contraction (peristaltic waves

Question 40

Layers of the Ureters (3)

Answer 40

mucosa muscularis adventitia

Question 41

Urinary bladder

Answer 41

``` collapsible, distensible, and muscular stores and eliminates urine males: anterior to rectum females: anterior to vagina and uterus full bladder holds ~1 pint of urine ```

Question 42

Urethra

Answer 42

thin-walled tube, drains urine from body | composed of smooth muscle and inner layer of mucosa

Question 43

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 43

located between bladder and urethra, involuntary control

Question 44

external urethral sphincter

Answer 44

located at distal end of urethra, voluntary control

Question 45

Micturition

Answer 45

emptying the bladder detrusor muscle contracts, assisted by abdominal wall muscles controlled by brain

Question 46

Incontinence

Answer 46

inability to control micturition

Question 47

Brain and micturition

Answer 47

urine accumulates bladder wall stretches and activates stretch receptors sensory signals sent to pons parasympathetic neurons signal detrusor muscle to contract

Question 48

Pathway

Answer 48

``` blood renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of hence distal convoluted tuble collection tubule (duct) papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra micturition ```

Question 49

Disorders of Urinary system

Answer 49

renal calculi (kidney stones) pyelitis pyelonephritis Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Question 50

renal calculi

Answer 50

kidney stones minerals in urine crystallize most can pass but some become too big and obstruct a ureter

Question 51

pyelitis

Answer 51

infection of renal pelvis and calices

Question 52

pyelonephritis

Answer 52

infection of entire kidney

Question 53

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Answer 53

genetic disorder cysts (fluid-filled sacs) form and enlarge No obvious symptoms until age 30-40