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Kin Final > Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumo

A

air

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2
Q

pulmo

A

lungs

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3
Q

spirare

A

breathe

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4
Q

Respiratory systems functions

A

primary = gas exchange (o2 and co2)

Also sound production, smell, coughing and sneezing (protective)

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5
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing of air in/out of lungs

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6
Q

ventilation

A

breathing

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7
Q

Gas Exchange (external respiration)

A

Occurs between air and blood in lungs

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8
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

o2 and co2 are transported between lungs and body’s cells

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9
Q

gas exchange (internal respiration)

A

occurs between blood and tissues

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10
Q

cellular respiration

A

tissues use oxygen and produce carbon dioxides

glucose gets converted to ATP energy in mitochondria

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11
Q

Functional anatomy of respiratory systems

A 
mouth
nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs (alveoli-functional units of pulmonary system)
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12
Q

Mouth (oral cavity)

A

Mouth and nose are divided by palate (roof of mouth)
anterior = hard palate - maxilla and palatine bones
posterior = soft palate - muscles and glands

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13
Q

Nose

A

function: provides airway, moistens and warms air, filters air, aides in speech, olfactory receptors

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14
Q

bones in external nose

A

frontal bone
nasal bones
maxillary bones
hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Inside and posterior to external nose
air enters through nares (nostrils)
nasal septum divides nasal cavity
posteriorly is continuous with posterior nasal apertures

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16
Q

Two types of mucous membranes

A

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

houses smell receptors

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18
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines majority of nasal cavity

inflammation = rhinitis

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19
Q

Nasal conchae

A

form grooves

air turbulence helps trap substances

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20
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

located in frontal,sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

lined by same mucosa and drain into nasal cavity

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21
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of paranasal sinuses

caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection

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22
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A

funnel-shaped, connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx superiorly and to esophagus inferiorly
extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra
has skeletal muscle through entire length but varies in mucosal lining depending on region

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23
Q

pharynx 3 regions

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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24
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal cavity, solely air passageway
Uvula
pharyngeal tonsils

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25
uvula
structure that hangs from soft palate | helps to prevent food from going up nose
26
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
located in posterior wall of nasal cavity | destroy pathogens
27
oropharynx
posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to epiglottis (food and air) Fauces epithelial lining changes to stratified squamous palantine tonsils lingual tonsils
28
fauces
entryway to oropharynx
29
palatine tonsils
located in posterior wall of middle portion of pharynx | the ones commonly removed in tonsillectomy during childhood
30
lingual tonsils
located at base of tongue
31
laryngopharynx
inferior to oropharynx (food and air) | continuous with both esophagus and larynx
32
larynx (voice box)
positions anterior midline of neck at the level of C4-C6 attaches to hyoid bone superiorly, continuous with trachea inferiorly primary function = sound production secondary function = provide open airway and prevent food/fluid from entering trachea 9 separate cartilages (unpaired and paired)
33
Unpaired larynx cartilage
epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage
34
epiglottis
most cephalic, closes glottis (laryngeal inlet) - opening between larynx, esophagus - during swallowing
35
thyroid cartilage
largest | laryngeal prominence is Adam's apple
36
Cricoid cartilage
ring, connects thyroid cartilage to trachea
37
Paired larynx cartilage
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
38
vocal cords
mucosal folds containing vocal ligaments with elastic fibers
39
valsalva maneuver
forcing air against closed glottis
40
Trachea (windpipe)
rigid, 4-5" long, 1" wide descends from larynx into mediastinum framework is 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage (c-shaped) joined by fibroelastic CT Inner lining is mucous membrane and CT
41
Carina
cartilage plate where trachea splits into primary bronchi
42
tracheotomy
slit open trachea
43
trachectomy
remove trachea
44
tracheostomy
insert tube
45
bronchial tree
system of respiratory passages that branches into lungs
46
bronchi (conducting zone) 3 parts
main brinchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi
47
main bronchi (R,L) aka primary bronchi
branches off trachea runs obliquely through mediastinum and into hills of lung right side is wider, shorter, and more vertical than left side
48
Secondary (lobar)bronchi
3 on the right, 2 on the left - supply each lobe of lung
49
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi
50
bronchioles
tubes smaller than 1mm in diameter | terminal bronchioles are smaller (<.5 mm in diameter)
51
Bronchi and bronchial changes in tissue composition along the walls (3 types)
Supportive CT changes Epithelial tissue changes Smooth muscle gains importance
52
Supportive CT changes
cartilage rings are replaced by plates as main bronchi enter lungs cartilage ceases to exist at bronchioles
53
Epithelial tissue changes
pseudostratified -> simple columnar -? simple cuboidal (terminal and respiratory bronchioles) cilia disappears
54
smooth muscle gains importance
begins at trachea (tracheal is muscle) and continues into bronchi and bronchioles, forms helical bands muscle bands widen with sympathetic input, constrict with parasympathetic input air tubes contract during asthma attack thins as it reaches end and is not present in alveoli
55
Respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone)
branch from terminal bronchioles | alveoli protrude
56
Alveolar ducts
straight ducts with alveoli protruding
57
alveolar sacs
cluster of alveoli "bunch of grapes" the grapes are the alveoli atrium
58
atrium
opening from alveolar duct to alveolar sac
59
Alveolus
``` function unit of respiratory system increase surface area for gas diffusion external surface covered with capillaries ```
60
alveolar pore
connect adjacent alveoli
61
alveolar macrophages
remove any particles not captured by mucus
62
Pleurae
coverings/lining of lungs and pleural cavity
63
Walls of pleurae (3)
visceral pleura parietal pleura pleural cavity
64
visceral pleura
attached to outer surface of lung itself
65
parietal pleura
attached to wall of chest and thoracic surface of diaphragm
66
pleural cavity
space between pleurae | contains serus fluid which provides lubrication
67
pneumothorax
if air gets into the space in the pleural cavity
68
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation
69
Lungs
Each lung is cone-shaped, extends from diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex) lungs are spongy and light (1.25 lbs each)
70
mediastinum
area between the lungs | heart is located there
71
hilus
depression on medial surface through which root (blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves) enters/exits
72
Left lung
smaller than right lung has cardiac notch 2 lobes (upper and lower) divided by oblique fissure
73
Right lung
Has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) | divided by oblique and horizontal fissures
74
Lobule
smallest lung subdivision seen with naked eye
75
stroma
framework of CT with many elastic fibers
76
Pulmonary arteries & the lungs
deliver o2 poor blood and branch posteriorly along bronchi and feed into capillary networks surrounding alveoli
77
Pulmonary veins & the lungs
bring back o2 rich blood and branch anteriorly along bronchi
78
bronchial arteries and veins
supply systemic blood | enter/exit at hilus
79
Pulmonary ventilation
breathing | 2 phases = inspiration and expiration
80
Inspiration
air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure always an active process expansion of the thoracic cavity that allows the lungs to fill with air, which is why intercostal muscles must help stiffen the thoracic wall
81
diaphragm
dome shape that flattens during inspiration, causes more room in thoracic cavity
82
Intercostal muscles
relaxed inspiration = portion of internal intercostals are active forced inspiration - the scaliness and sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved
83
Expiration
occurs when air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure usually a passive process if forced (cough, sneeze) a portion of the internal intercostal muscles get involved, as well as the abdominal muscles alveoli remain open at all times due to surfactant reducing surface tension
84
Disorders of Respiratory System
``` bronchial asthma (lower respiratory) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD (lower respiratory) Epistaxis (upper respiratory) ```
85
Bronchial asthma
allergic inflammation | coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
86
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD
``` category of disorders in which air flow into/out of lungs is difficult patients often have history of smoking Emphysema Chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis ```
87
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
88
Emphysema
enlarged alveoli fibrosis = scar tissue formation that is due to chronic inflammation decrease elasticity increase difficulty breathing
89
Chronic bronchitis
inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus production and inflammation and fibrosis of mucosa (obstruct airways)
90
Cystic fibrosis
Inherited disease, exocrine gland function is disrupted throughout body - over secretion of mucus, clogs passageways
91
Epistaxis
nosebleed, most often from anterior portion of septum | stop bleeding by pinching nostrils

Kin Final (4 decks)

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