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Kin Final > Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumo

A

air

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2
Q

pulmo

A

lungs

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3
Q

spirare

A

breathe

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4
Q

Respiratory systems functions

A

primary = gas exchange (o2 and co2)

Also sound production, smell, coughing and sneezing (protective)

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5
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing of air in/out of lungs

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6
Q

ventilation

A

breathing

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7
Q

Gas Exchange (external respiration)

A

Occurs between air and blood in lungs

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8
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

o2 and co2 are transported between lungs and body’s cells

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9
Q

gas exchange (internal respiration)

A

occurs between blood and tissues

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10
Q

cellular respiration

A

tissues use oxygen and produce carbon dioxides

glucose gets converted to ATP energy in mitochondria

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11
Q

Functional anatomy of respiratory systems

A 
mouth
nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
lungs (alveoli-functional units of pulmonary system)
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12
Q

Mouth (oral cavity)

A

Mouth and nose are divided by palate (roof of mouth)
anterior = hard palate - maxilla and palatine bones
posterior = soft palate - muscles and glands

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13
Q

Nose

A

function: provides airway, moistens and warms air, filters air, aides in speech, olfactory receptors

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14
Q

bones in external nose

A

frontal bone
nasal bones
maxillary bones
hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Inside and posterior to external nose
air enters through nares (nostrils)
nasal septum divides nasal cavity
posteriorly is continuous with posterior nasal apertures

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16
Q

Two types of mucous membranes

A

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

houses smell receptors

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18
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines majority of nasal cavity

inflammation = rhinitis

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19
Q

Nasal conchae

A

form grooves

air turbulence helps trap substances

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20
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

located in frontal,sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

lined by same mucosa and drain into nasal cavity

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21
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of paranasal sinuses

caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection

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22
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A

funnel-shaped, connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx superiorly and to esophagus inferiorly
extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra
has skeletal muscle through entire length but varies in mucosal lining depending on region

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23
Q

pharynx 3 regions

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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24
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal cavity, solely air passageway
Uvula
pharyngeal tonsils

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25
Q

uvula

A

structure that hangs from soft palate

helps to prevent food from going up nose

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26
Q

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A

located in posterior wall of nasal cavity

destroy pathogens

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27
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to epiglottis (food and air)
Fauces
epithelial lining changes to stratified squamous
palantine tonsils
lingual tonsils

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28
Q

fauces

A

entryway to oropharynx

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29
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located in posterior wall of middle portion of pharynx

the ones commonly removed in tonsillectomy during childhood

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30
Q

lingual tonsils

A

located at base of tongue

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31
Q

laryngopharynx

A

inferior to oropharynx (food and air)

continuous with both esophagus and larynx

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32
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

positions anterior midline of neck at the level of C4-C6
attaches to hyoid bone superiorly, continuous with trachea inferiorly
primary function = sound production
secondary function = provide open airway and prevent food/fluid from entering trachea
9 separate cartilages (unpaired and paired)

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33
Q

Unpaired larynx cartilage

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

epiglottis

A

most cephalic, closes glottis (laryngeal inlet) - opening between larynx, esophagus - during swallowing

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35
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

largest

laryngeal prominence is Adam’s apple

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36
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

ring, connects thyroid cartilage to trachea

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37
Q

Paired larynx cartilage

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

38
Q

vocal cords

A

mucosal folds containing vocal ligaments with elastic fibers

39
Q

valsalva maneuver

A

forcing air against closed glottis

40
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A

rigid, 4-5” long, 1” wide
descends from larynx into mediastinum
framework is 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage (c-shaped) joined by fibroelastic CT
Inner lining is mucous membrane and CT

41
Q

Carina

A

cartilage plate where trachea splits into primary bronchi

42
Q

tracheotomy

A

slit open trachea

43
Q

trachectomy

A

remove trachea

44
Q

tracheostomy

A

insert tube

45
Q

bronchial tree

A

system of respiratory passages that branches into lungs

46
Q

bronchi (conducting zone) 3 parts

A

main brinchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi

47
Q

main bronchi (R,L) aka primary bronchi

A

branches off trachea
runs obliquely through mediastinum and into hills of lung
right side is wider, shorter, and more vertical than left side

48
Q

Secondary (lobar)bronchi

A

3 on the right, 2 on the left - supply each lobe of lung

49
Q

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

A

divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi

50
Q

bronchioles

A

tubes smaller than 1mm in diameter

terminal bronchioles are smaller (<.5 mm in diameter)

51
Q

Bronchi and bronchial changes in tissue composition along the walls (3 types)

A

Supportive CT changes
Epithelial tissue changes
Smooth muscle gains importance

52
Q

Supportive CT changes

A

cartilage rings are replaced by plates as main bronchi enter lungs
cartilage ceases to exist at bronchioles

53
Q

Epithelial tissue changes

A

pseudostratified -> simple columnar -? simple cuboidal (terminal and respiratory bronchioles)
cilia disappears

54
Q

smooth muscle gains importance

A

begins at trachea (tracheal is muscle) and continues into bronchi and bronchioles, forms helical bands
muscle bands widen with sympathetic input, constrict with parasympathetic input
air tubes contract during asthma attack
thins as it reaches end and is not present in alveoli

55
Q

Respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone)

A

branch from terminal bronchioles

alveoli protrude

56
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

straight ducts with alveoli protruding

57
Q

alveolar sacs

A

cluster of alveoli “bunch of grapes” the grapes are the alveoli
atrium

58
Q

atrium

A

opening from alveolar duct to alveolar sac

59
Q

Alveolus

A 
function unit of respiratory system
increase surface area for gas diffusion
external surface covered with capillaries
60
Q

alveolar pore

A

connect adjacent alveoli

61
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

remove any particles not captured by mucus

62
Q

Pleurae

A

coverings/lining of lungs and pleural cavity

63
Q

Walls of pleurae (3)

A

visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pleural cavity

64
Q

visceral pleura

A

attached to outer surface of lung itself

65
Q

parietal pleura

A

attached to wall of chest and thoracic surface of diaphragm

66
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between pleurae

contains serus fluid which provides lubrication

67
Q

pneumothorax

A

if air gets into the space in the pleural cavity

68
Q

pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

inflammation

69
Q

Lungs

A

Each lung is cone-shaped, extends from diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex)
lungs are spongy and light (1.25 lbs each)

70
Q

mediastinum

A

area between the lungs

heart is located there

71
Q

hilus

A

depression on medial surface through which root (blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves) enters/exits

72
Q

Left lung

A

smaller than right lung
has cardiac notch
2 lobes (upper and lower) divided by oblique fissure

73
Q

Right lung

A

Has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)

divided by oblique and horizontal fissures

74
Q

Lobule

A

smallest lung subdivision seen with naked eye

75
Q

stroma

A

framework of CT with many elastic fibers

76
Q

Pulmonary arteries & the lungs

A

deliver o2 poor blood and branch posteriorly along bronchi and feed into capillary networks surrounding alveoli

77
Q

Pulmonary veins & the lungs

A

bring back o2 rich blood and branch anteriorly along bronchi

78
Q

bronchial arteries and veins

A

supply systemic blood

enter/exit at hilus

79
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

2 phases = inspiration and expiration

80
Q

Inspiration

A

air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure
always an active process
expansion of the thoracic cavity that allows the lungs to fill with air, which is why intercostal muscles must help stiffen the thoracic wall

81
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shape that flattens during inspiration, causes more room in thoracic cavity

82
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

relaxed inspiration = portion of internal intercostals are active
forced inspiration - the scaliness and sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved

83
Q

Expiration

A

occurs when air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure
usually a passive process
if forced (cough, sneeze) a portion of the internal intercostal muscles get involved, as well as the abdominal muscles
alveoli remain open at all times due to surfactant reducing surface tension

84
Q

Disorders of Respiratory System

A 
bronchial asthma (lower respiratory)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD (lower respiratory)
Epistaxis (upper respiratory)
85
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

allergic inflammation

coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath

86
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

A 
category of disorders in which air flow into/out of lungs is difficult
patients often have history of smoking
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
cystic fibrosis
87
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

88
Q

Emphysema

A

enlarged alveoli
fibrosis = scar tissue formation that is due to chronic inflammation
decrease elasticity
increase difficulty breathing

89
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus production and inflammation and fibrosis of mucosa (obstruct airways)

90
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited disease, exocrine gland function is disrupted throughout body - over secretion of mucus, clogs passageways

91
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleed, most often from anterior portion of septum

stop bleeding by pinching nostrils

Kin Final (4 decks)

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