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kin final > Chapter 21 - Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic System Components

A

Lymphatic vessels & lymph

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels include

A

Lymph capillaries -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts
It is a one-way system, only TOWARD the heart

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3
Q

lymph

A

fluid from loose CT that surrounds tissue

more fluid exits from the arteriole side than leaves from the venule side

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4
Q

lymph capillaries

A

collect the excess tissue fluid
single layer of endothelium
drains into lymphatic collecting vessels
located at most places blood capillaries occur EXCEPT bone, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
Specialized ones in small intestine called lacteals

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5
Q

lacteals

A

specialized for fat absorption

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6
Q

chyle

A

fatty lymph

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7
Q

lymph collecting vessels

A

carry fluid to nodes, which filter and purify
have same 3 tunics as blood vessels and contain valves
superficial vessels travel with veins; deep vessels travel with arteries
have many valves

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8
Q

Movement of lymph is propelled by

A

skeletal muscle action
artery pulsations
tunic media
normal movements of trunk and limbs

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9
Q

Lymph nodes

A

remove pathogens from lymph
bean-shaped, often occur in clusters
If cancer gets into lymphatic system, the cells can be widely dispersed and tumors can develop at nodes

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10
Q

Microscopic anatomy of the node

A 
Surrounded by fibrous capsule (dense CT)
Trabeculae extend inward
Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
Hilus
Lymph sinuses are located between afferent and efferent vessels
Follicles (nodules)
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11
Q

Hilus

A

indented region in lymph nodes (efferent exit through)

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12
Q

Macrophages

A

consume foreign particles

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13
Q

Follicles (nodules)

A

masses of lymphoid tissue

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14
Q

Lymph Trunks

A

Formed by convergence of largest lymphatic collecting vessels
Drain large areas of the body

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15
Q

What are the large areas of the body that lymph trunks drain

A 
lumbar trunks
intestinal trunk
bronchomediastinal trunks
subclavian trunks
jugular trunks
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16
Q

lumbar trunks

A

drain lower limbs, pelvic organs, anterior abdominal wall

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17
Q

intestinal trunks

A

drains stomach, intestines, digestive organs

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18
Q

bronchomediastinal trunks

A

drain thoracic viscera/wall

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19
Q

Subclavian trunks

A

drain upper limbs, inferior neck, superior thoracic wall

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20
Q

Jugular trunks

A

drain head and neck

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21
Q

Lymph ducts (2)

A

largest lymphatic vessels
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct

22
Q

Thoracic duct

A

runs along vertebral bodies
empties into veins at intersection of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Sometimes is joined by other lymph trunks

23
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Found in `20% of people
Union of right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks
Drains near junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins (right upper 1/4 of the body)
If not present, trunks drain into separate veins

24
Q

Immune System Key components

A

lymphocytes
lymphoid tissue
lymphoid organs

25
Q

Immune system Function

A

fight disease/antigens

26
Q

antigen

A

foreign molecule

27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

WBCs that recognize and attack specific types of foreign molecules
Mocroorganism penetrates epithelial barriers, attacks underlying CT - is in turn attacked by inflammation, macrophages, and lymphocytes

28
Q

Recirculation

A

B and T cells continuously circulate, enter/exit CT, lymph tissue, blood vessels

29
Q

Lymphocyte Activation in order

A

Lymphoid stem cells
Thymus (T cells) OR stay in bone marrow (B cells)
rapid regeneration & formation of lymphocyte families (specific to antigens)
cells become fully mature when they attack antigen and they divide to form more that attack the same antigen

30
Q

antigen presenting cell

A

“presents” antigen to lymphocyte

31
Q

b cells in lymphocyte activation

A

mark antigens for phagocytosis

32
Q

T cells in lymphocyte activation

A

Either directly lyse cells (cytotoxic) or release cytokines (helper), which stimulate production of deferent cell types

33
Q

memory lymphocyte

A

waits in lymphoid tissue in case antigen comes back later

34
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

specialized CT that has many lymphocytes
main “battleground” for infection
lymphocyte activation site
framework is reticular CT with fibroblasts

35
Q

Lymphoid tissue locations (2)

A

MALT

All lymphoid organs except thymus

36
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

frequently affected mucous membranes located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

37
Q

lymphoid follicles (nodules)

A

clusters of lymphocytes - each comes from a single B cell that rapidly divides (new ones leave to become plasma cells

38
Q

Lymphoid organs (2 catagories)

A

primary lymphoid organs

secondary lymphoid organs

39
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A 
Bone marrow (B cells)
Thymus (T cells)
40
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
lymphoid nodules (gather infectious microorganisms)

41
Q

Bone marrow

A

Red marrow generates blood cells
B cells develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and travel to secondary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes are fully activated at antigen challenge
Mature lymphocytes continuously circulate

42
Q

Thymus

A 
Superior thorax, posterior to sternum
lymphocytes develop into T cells
Thymic hormones cause T lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence
Atrophies over time
Does not directly fight antigens
Not composed of lymphoid CT
43
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic and immune systems overlap

lymphoid tissue destroys antigens and activates T and B cells

44
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ
left superior quadrant of abdominal cavity, posterior to stomach
Removes antigens and worn out blood cells, store platelets

45
Q

Tonsils (4 groups)

A 
Swellings of mucosal linings of pharynx
Palatine (largest and removed in tonsillectomy)
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal
46
Q

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles in ileum (distal part) of small intestine

47
Q

Appendix

A

Offshoot of cecum (1st part) of large intestine

48
Q

Disorders of Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Mononuleosis

Hodgkin’s disease

49
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Viral disease
Fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
Epstein-Barr virus (attacks B cells)
Transmitted via saliva, lasts 4-6 weeks

50
Q

Hodgkin’s disease

A

Malignant lymph nodes
Fatigue, swollen/painful nodes, fever, night sweats
Treated with radiation and has high cure rate relative to other cancers

kin final (4 decks)

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