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Kin Final > Chapter 23 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Major divisions of the digestive system

A 
alimentary canal (GI tract)
accessory digestive organs
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2
Q

alimentary canal (GI tract)

A

extends from mouth to anus
is a continuous tube about 30 feet long
includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small investing, and large intestine
It usually takes about 24-48 hours for food to travel the entire length of the GI tract

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3
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

connected by ducts

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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5
Q

mastication

A

chewing
grinds up food and mixes it with saliva
occurs in mouth

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6
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing food
moves it from mouth to pharynx to esophagus
voluntary

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7
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic, wave-like intestinal contractions that move food through the GI tract
involuntary

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8
Q

digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food material to prepare it for absorption

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9
Q

segmentation

A

local, rhythmic contraction of small intestine

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10
Q

absorption

A

passage of molecules of food through mucous membranes of small intestine and into blood or lymph for distribution to cells

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11
Q

defecation

A

discharge of indigestible wastes from GI tract

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12
Q

mechanical digestion organs

A

mouth
stomach
sm. intestine

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13
Q

chemical digestion organs

A

stomach

small intestine

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14
Q

absorption organs

A

small intestine

large intestine

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15
Q

peristalsis organs

A

esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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16
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity

2 types = visceral and parietal

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17
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers external organ surfaces, is continuous with parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the body wall

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19
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space in between visceral and parietal peritoneum

contains serous fluid

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20
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

mucosa

A

mucous membrane with 3 sub-layers: epithelial linging, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

submucosa

A

CT layer with lots of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers

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23
Q

muscularis externa 2 layers

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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24
Q

Serosa

A

is the visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

nerve plexuses

A

receive signals from SNS & PNS to influence digestion

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26
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

the gut’s own system
controls peristalsis, segmentation
ANS speeds or slows it

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27
Q

Mouth

A

food enters and mastication takes place, aided by saliva
vestibule
lips, cheeks, palate
tongue

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28
Q

vestibule

A

area between teeth and cheeks

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29
Q

oral cavity proper

A

internal to teeth

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30
Q

tongue

A

moves food around and mixes it with saliva to form a bolus
aids in speech production
skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
anterior 2/3 of tongue is in oral cavity, posterior 1/3 located in pharynx (attached to hyoid bone)
bumps on anterior 2/3 of the tongue are called papillae; posterior 1/2 has tonsils

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31
Q

Teeth

A

designed to handle different types of food in different ways

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32
Q

incisors

A

4 pairs

adpted to cut and shear food

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33
Q

canines

A

2 pairs in anterior corners of mouth, responsible for holding, tearing, and piercing

34
Q

premolars and molars

A

located behind canines

grinding

35
Q

deciduous teeth

A

1st set of teeth
develops in humans at around 6 months
20 of them that all erupt by about age 2 1/2

36
Q

permanent teeth

A

replace deciduous teeth

beginning around age 6 and ending at the end of adolescence

37
Q

wisdom teeth

A

3rd set of molars
can erupt, can stay put, can erupt sideways
emerge around age 17-25

38
Q

pharynx

A

has digestive function in addition to respiratory function

muscles contract to aid in swallowing

39
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

40
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal cavity

NOT involved in digestion

41
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity

42
Q

laryngopharynx

A

at level of larynx

43
Q

esophagus

A

collapsible muscular tube about 10” long
passes through opening in diaphragm called esophageal hiatus
cardiac sphincter is at junction of esophagus and stomach - is supposed to contract after food/fluid passes
sometimes allows acid back through, causes heartburn

44
Q

stomach

A

location: upper left side of abdomen, just below diaphragm
J-shaped when empty
can be considered a holding tank for food (1 gallon)
Internal surface has rugae
food gets churned up with gastric secretions to make chyme

45
Q

4 regions of stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

46
Q

cardia

A

narrow upper region just below esophagus

47
Q

fundus

A

dome-shaped portion to the left of and in direct contact with diaphragm

48
Q

body

A

large central portion

49
Q

pylorus

A

funnel-shaped terminal portion

pyloric sphincter is gatekeeper to small intestine - regulars movement, stops backflow

50
Q

small intestine

A

digestion is finished here - is the body’s major digestive organ, and absorption takes place
is positioned in lower abdomen, supported by mesentery (permits movement but not twisting)
Is about 12 feet long (longest part of alimentary canal)
called small intestine because it is smaller in diameter than large intestine

51
Q

3 regions of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

52
Q

duodenum

A

most of it is located retroperitoneal
is about the first foot in length
receives bile secretions from liver and gall bladder here and pancreatic secretions

53
Q

jejunum

A

is the second 3 feet, superior left portion

54
Q

Ileum

A

final 6-7 feet, inferior right portions

55
Q

villi

A

specialized structures in small investing
finger-like projections that extend into lumen of small intestine
covered with simple columnar epithelial cells
they contain several capillaries, lymphocytes, and the lacteals (fat absorption)

56
Q

large intestine

A

5 feet long and has little or no digestive function
frames the small intestine on 3.5 sides
its main function is to absurd h2o and electrolytes
secondary functions are to form, store, and expel feces from the body

57
Q

teniae coli

A

3 longitudinal strips at equal intervals around cecum and colon

58
Q

haustra

A

bulges in large intestine, fill up with material and then are stimulated to churn

59
Q

epiploic appendages

A 
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum 
function unknown
60
Q

cecum

A

lower right side of body, sac-like
valve between small and large intestine is ileocecal valve
has appendix attached to it

61
Q

ascending colon

A

extends from cecum to liver

62
Q

flexure

A

bend in colon

63
Q

transverse colon

A

travels across from right to left side

64
Q

descending colon

A

travels from splenic flexure to pelvic region

65
Q

sigmoid colon

A

point where colon angles medially from brim of pelvis, form an S-shaped bend

66
Q

rectum

A

last 7-8 inches of GI tract
fully linded with muscle
no teniae coli

67
Q

anal canal/sphincters

A

last 2-3 cm of rectum is anal canal

68
Q

anus

A

external opening of anal canal

has 2 sphincters = internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle)

69
Q

saliva

A

A solvent for cleaning teeth and dissolving food molecules
contains digestive enzymes and lubricating mucus
secreted continuously in small amounts to keep oral cavity moist

70
Q

3 Extrinsic salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

71
Q

parotid

A

largest lacked near auricle of ear

72
Q

submandibular

A

inferior/anterior to the body of the mandible

73
Q

sublingual

A

floor of mouth, inferior to tongue

74
Q

Liver

A

largest gland in the body (~3lbs)
lies inferior to diaphragm in right superior portion of abdominal cavity
has right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament and fissure and has quadrate and caudate lobes
liver lobules are plates of hepatocytes, shaped like hexagons
liver performs many functions, but digestive purpose is production of bile, which breaks up far

75
Q

bilirubin

A

produced from breaking down RBCs found in bile

76
Q

gallbladder

A

muscular sac located on posteroinferior surface of liver
stores bile; cystic duct (from gallbladder) joins common hepatic duct to form bile duct
bile processes fat - too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones, which plug cystic duct

77
Q

pancreas

A

retroperitoneal, shaped like tadpole
main pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct, empties into duodenum
endocrine and exocrine function in pancreas
exocrine function is to produce enzymes that work in small intestine

78
Q

acinar cells

A

make pancreatic enzymes

79
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver
flu symptoms, jaundice
A, B, C

80
Q

Hepatitis A

A

acute infection, no long term damage

81
Q

hepatitis B

A

transmission of infected blood or body fluids, OR from mother to newborn at birth - people usually recover but condition can become chronic problem

82
Q

Hepatitis C

A

transmitted similarly to B, no short-term symptoms; many people don’t know they’re infected for a while

Kin Final (4 decks)

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