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Chapter 23 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Major divisions of the digestive system

A 
alimentary canal (GI tract)
accessory digestive organs
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2
Q

alimentary canal (GI tract)

A

extends from mouth to anus
is a continuous tube about 30 feet long
includes oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small investing, and large intestine
It usually takes about 24-48 hours for food to travel the entire length of the GI tract

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3
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

connected by ducts

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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5
Q

mastication

A

chewing
grinds up food and mixes it with saliva
occurs in mouth

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6
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing food
moves it from mouth to pharynx to esophagus
voluntary

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7
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic, wave-like intestinal contractions that move food through the GI tract
involuntary

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8
Q

digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food material to prepare it for absorption

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9
Q

segmentation

A

local, rhythmic contraction of small intestine

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10
Q

absorption

A

passage of molecules of food through mucous membranes of small intestine and into blood or lymph for distribution to cells

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11
Q

defecation

A

discharge of indigestible wastes from GI tract

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12
Q

mechanical digestion organs

A

mouth
stomach
sm. intestine

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13
Q

chemical digestion organs

A

stomach

small intestine

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14
Q

absorption organs

A

small intestine

large intestine

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15
Q

peristalsis organs

A

esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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16
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity

2 types = visceral and parietal

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17
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers external organ surfaces, is continuous with parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the body wall

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19
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space in between visceral and parietal peritoneum

contains serous fluid

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20
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

mucosa

A

mucous membrane with 3 sub-layers: epithelial linging, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

submucosa

A

CT layer with lots of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers

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23
Q

muscularis externa 2 layers

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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24
Q

Serosa

A

is the visceral peritoneum

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25
nerve plexuses
receive signals from SNS & PNS to influence digestion
26
Enteric nervous system
the gut's own system controls peristalsis, segmentation ANS speeds or slows it
27
Mouth
food enters and mastication takes place, aided by saliva vestibule lips, cheeks, palate tongue
28
vestibule
area between teeth and cheeks
29
oral cavity proper
internal to teeth
30
tongue
moves food around and mixes it with saliva to form a bolus aids in speech production skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane anterior 2/3 of tongue is in oral cavity, posterior 1/3 located in pharynx (attached to hyoid bone) bumps on anterior 2/3 of the tongue are called papillae; posterior 1/2 has tonsils
31
Teeth
designed to handle different types of food in different ways
32
incisors
4 pairs | adpted to cut and shear food
33
canines
2 pairs in anterior corners of mouth, responsible for holding, tearing, and piercing
34
premolars and molars
located behind canines | grinding
35
deciduous teeth
1st set of teeth develops in humans at around 6 months 20 of them that all erupt by about age 2 1/2
36
permanent teeth
replace deciduous teeth | beginning around age 6 and ending at the end of adolescence
37
wisdom teeth
3rd set of molars can erupt, can stay put, can erupt sideways emerge around age 17-25
38
pharynx
has digestive function in addition to respiratory function | muscles contract to aid in swallowing
39
3 regions of pharynx
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
40
nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavity | NOT involved in digestion
41
oropharynx
posterior to oral cavity
42
laryngopharynx
at level of larynx
43
esophagus
collapsible muscular tube about 10" long passes through opening in diaphragm called esophageal hiatus cardiac sphincter is at junction of esophagus and stomach - is supposed to contract after food/fluid passes sometimes allows acid back through, causes heartburn
44
stomach
location: upper left side of abdomen, just below diaphragm J-shaped when empty can be considered a holding tank for food (1 gallon) Internal surface has rugae food gets churned up with gastric secretions to make chyme
45
4 regions of stomach
cardia fundus body pylorus
46
cardia
narrow upper region just below esophagus
47
fundus
dome-shaped portion to the left of and in direct contact with diaphragm
48
body
large central portion
49
pylorus
funnel-shaped terminal portion | pyloric sphincter is gatekeeper to small intestine - regulars movement, stops backflow
50
small intestine
digestion is finished here - is the body's major digestive organ, and absorption takes place is positioned in lower abdomen, supported by mesentery (permits movement but not twisting) Is about 12 feet long (longest part of alimentary canal) called small intestine because it is smaller in diameter than large intestine
51
3 regions of small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
52
duodenum
most of it is located retroperitoneal is about the first foot in length receives bile secretions from liver and gall bladder here and pancreatic secretions
53
jejunum
is the second 3 feet, superior left portion
54
Ileum
final 6-7 feet, inferior right portions
55
villi
specialized structures in small investing finger-like projections that extend into lumen of small intestine covered with simple columnar epithelial cells they contain several capillaries, lymphocytes, and the lacteals (fat absorption)
56
large intestine
5 feet long and has little or no digestive function frames the small intestine on 3.5 sides its main function is to absurd h2o and electrolytes secondary functions are to form, store, and expel feces from the body
57
teniae coli
3 longitudinal strips at equal intervals around cecum and colon
58
haustra
bulges in large intestine, fill up with material and then are stimulated to churn
59
epiploic appendages
``` fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum function unknown ```
60
cecum
lower right side of body, sac-like valve between small and large intestine is ileocecal valve has appendix attached to it
61
ascending colon
extends from cecum to liver
62
flexure
bend in colon
63
transverse colon
travels across from right to left side
64
descending colon
travels from splenic flexure to pelvic region
65
sigmoid colon
point where colon angles medially from brim of pelvis, form an S-shaped bend
66
rectum
last 7-8 inches of GI tract fully linded with muscle no teniae coli
67
anal canal/sphincters
last 2-3 cm of rectum is anal canal
68
anus
external opening of anal canal | has 2 sphincters = internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle)
69
saliva
A solvent for cleaning teeth and dissolving food molecules contains digestive enzymes and lubricating mucus secreted continuously in small amounts to keep oral cavity moist
70
3 Extrinsic salivary glands
parotid submandibular sublingual
71
parotid
largest lacked near auricle of ear
72
submandibular
inferior/anterior to the body of the mandible
73
sublingual
floor of mouth, inferior to tongue
74
Liver
largest gland in the body (~3lbs) lies inferior to diaphragm in right superior portion of abdominal cavity has right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament and fissure and has quadrate and caudate lobes liver lobules are plates of hepatocytes, shaped like hexagons liver performs many functions, but digestive purpose is production of bile, which breaks up far
75
bilirubin
produced from breaking down RBCs found in bile
76
gallbladder
muscular sac located on posteroinferior surface of liver stores bile; cystic duct (from gallbladder) joins common hepatic duct to form bile duct bile processes fat - too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones, which plug cystic duct
77
pancreas
retroperitoneal, shaped like tadpole main pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct, empties into duodenum endocrine and exocrine function in pancreas exocrine function is to produce enzymes that work in small intestine
78
acinar cells
make pancreatic enzymes
79
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver flu symptoms, jaundice A, B, C
80
Hepatitis A
acute infection, no long term damage
81
hepatitis B
transmission of infected blood or body fluids, OR from mother to newborn at birth - people usually recover but condition can become chronic problem
82
Hepatitis C
transmitted similarly to B, no short-term symptoms; many people don't know they're infected for a while

Kin Final (4 decks)

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