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physics > chapter 24 - Particle physics > Flashcards

chapter 24 - Particle physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of particles were used in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Alpha particles

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2
Q

What power of 10 is the diameter of a nucleus?

A

10^-15m

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3
Q

What power of 10 is the diameter of an atom?

A

10⁻¹⁰m

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4
Q

What material was used as a target in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Gold foil, a few atoms thick

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5
Q

What was measured in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

The angle of deflection of the alpha particles.

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6
Q

What happened to most of the alpha particles in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

They passed straight through the foil (with very little scattering).

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7
Q

What proportion of alpha particles were scattered in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Around 1 in 2000

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8
Q

What proportion of alpha particles were deflected by more than 90° in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Around 1 in 10,000

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9
Q

What was concluded due to most of the alpha particles passing straight through the gold foil Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Most of the atom is empty space with most of the mass concentrated in a small nucleus.

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10
Q

What was concluded due to some alpha particles being scattered in Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

The nucleus is positively charged.

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11
Q

How did Rutherford estimate the maximum radius of the nucleus?

A

He equated the KE of the alpha particle to the electric potential energy at closest approach to the nucleus.

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12
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

A proton or neutron.

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13
Q

What is an atomic mass unit?

A

One twelfth of the mass of a neutral carbon 12 atom.

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14
Q

How has the radius of the nucleus been measured?

A

By the diffraction of fast moving electrons.

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15
Q

What is R in R = r₀A^(1/3)?

A

The radius of the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is r₀ in R = r₀A^(1/3) roughly equivalent to?

A

The radius of a proton.

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17
Q

What is A in R = r₀A^(1/3)

A

Nucleon number.

18
Q

What force holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus?

A

The strong nuclear force.

19
Q

What is the maximum range of the strong nuclear force?

A

~3fm

20
Q

Below what distance is the strong nuclear force repulsive?

A

0.5fm

21
Q

Which group of particles are subject to the weak nuclear force but not the strong nuclear force?

A

Leptons

22
Q

What is the quark composition of a meson?

A

One quark and one antiquark

23
Q

Which force do Hadrons decay by?

A

The weak nuclear force.

24
Q

What is the quark composition of a Baryon

A

Three quarks

25
Q

What is a neutrino?

A

A lepton with no charge and a tiny mass.

26
Q

Why doesn’t a neutrino experience the electromagnetic force?

A

They have no charge..

27
Q

What is the quark composition of a neutron?

A

up down down (udd)

28
Q

What is the quark composition of a proton?

A

up up down (uud)

29
Q

What is the quark composition of an anti-baryon?

A

Three antiquarks

30
Q

Name the two types of hadron.

A

baryons and mesons

31
Q

What force hold quarks together in hadrons?

A

The strong nuclear force.

32
Q

What is the family of particles that are subject to both the strong and weak nuclear force?

A

Hadrons

33
Q

What type of particle are nucleons?

A

Baryons

34
Q

How does a proton compare to an antiproton?

A

The have the same mass but opposite charge.

35
Q

How does an electron compare to a positron?

A

The have the same mass but opposite charge.

36
Q

What is the antiparticle of the electron?

A

Positron.

37
Q

What type of particle are there millions of passing through your body every second?

A

Neutrinos

38
Q

Describe beta minus decay.

A

A neutron in an unstable nucleus decays into a proton

39
Q

Describe beta plus decay.

A

A proton in an unstable nucleus decays into a neutron

40
Q

What quark transformation occurs during beta minus decay?

A

A down quark (in a neutron) turns into an up quark (in a proton)

41
Q

What quark transformation occurs during beta plus decay

A

An up quark (in a proton) turns into an down quark (in a neutron)

physics (18 decks)

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