Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 24 - Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient

A

A substance in food that is used to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

H2O

A

is the major nutrient, 60% comes from food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Almost all are derived from plants. Glucose is the major one, we use it for body fuel. Used to make ATP, mostly needed in the brain and RBC’s. Need 125-175g lately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipids

A

Sourced from plants and animals, most abundant are the neutral fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Uses of Lipids

A

Phospholipids -cell membrane components
Triglycerides -energy source for hepatocytes and muscle
Adipose tissue-protection, insulation, and energy source
Lecithin -used to build the plasma membrane
Cholesterol -Not an energy source, but builds bile salts and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proteins

A

For high quality proteins, animals are the best source for essential amino acids. Used for structural components, production of enzymes, production of hormones, production of plasma proteins and antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compound needed for growth and good health. Never used for energy. Without vitamins, proteins, fats, and carbs would be completely useless. Most are coenzymes or a component of a coenzyme. Vitamins K, B, and D may be produced in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin A

A

Important in retinal function, deficiency leads to night blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin D

A

Deficiency can lead to Rickets in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin E

A

Excess can lead to thrombopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin K

A

Deficiency can lead to prolonged clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin C

A

Deficiency leads to scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin B1

A

Deficiency leads to beri-beri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin B2

A

Deficiency leads to dermititis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effects of:

Vitamin B12

A

Deficiency leads to pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effects of:

Niacin

A

Deficiency leads to pellagra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamins C, B1, B2, B12, and niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anabolism

A

A reaction where larger molecules are built from smaller ones. Ex: Amino acids being builts into proteins

20
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of complex structures to simpler structures. Ex: Food being broken down by hydrolysis

21
Q

Stages of Metabolism

A
  • Digestion in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Nutrients are transported by the blood to the cell
  • In the mitochondria, O2 makes a complete breakdown of food
  • The electron transport chain
22
Q

Redox Reactions

A
  • Oxidation: when oxygen is gained or H, or e-, is lost

- Reduction: when oxygen is lost or H, or e-, are gained

23
Q

H+ Acceptors

A

FAD and NAD

24
Q

Glycolysis

A

Ten chemical steps where glucose is converted into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. It occurs in the cytoplams, is anaerobic, and results in 2 ATP per glucose molecule

25
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

The aerobic pathway, occurs in the mitochondria. 2 pyruvic acid molecules are converted into acetyl CoA. It’s then oxidized, decarboxylated yielding 6 CO2, 8 NADH, H+, 2 FADH2, and 2ATP.

26
Q

e- Transport Chain

A

Coenzymes deliver H+ to redox acceptors, H2 is split into H+ and e-. H+ and ATP synthase uses the energy to produce ATP. O2 is the terminal e- acceptor. ETC doesn’t make ATP directly, it generates a proton gradient across the membrane which uses the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

27
Q

Net ATP Production

A

Glycolysis = 2 ATP net
Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP net
ETC = 32 or 34 ATP
Total 36 or 38 ATP per glucose molecule.

28
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose catabolism being inhibited by high amounts of ATP. Glucose is then converted to glycogen. The liver and skeletal muscle will synthesize and store glycogen.

29
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

When glycogen is broken down into glucose

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of sugar from non-carbohydrate molecules, occurs in the liver when blood glucose levels drop.

31
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetic acid chains and coenzymes. When 2 bind, they enter the Kreb’s cycle as acetyl CoA. Lipid products are transported in the lymph as fatty protein droplets called chylomicrons. Only neutral fats are oxidized for energy. Happens in the mitochondria.

32
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Triglyceride synthesis.

33
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

Ketones

A

When carbohydrates are deficient, oxaloacetic acid is converted to glucose, and the liver will convert CoA into ketones, this is called Ketogenesis.

35
Q

Oxidation of Amino Acids

A

The NH2 must be removed first, it is transferred to glutamic acid. It is then removed as NH3, and combines with CO2 to produce water and urea.

36
Q

Promotion of Amino Acid Oxidation

A

There needs to be:

1) A lack of essential amino acids
2) inadequate fat or carbs to produce ATP
3) An excessive amount of proteins in the diet.

37
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

The total rate of kilocalorie consumption. The energy expended by the body per unit of time.

38
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The energy needed to perform only the basic, most integral activities

39
Q

Measuring the Basal Metabolic Rate

A

It can be measured under standard conditions of:

1) Not eating for 12 hrs or more
2) Be resting of reclined
3) Have the room at room temperature, 35 C.

40
Q

Thyroxine

A

The hormone produced by the thyroid. It’s the most important hormone affecting BMR.

41
Q

Body Temperature

A

Usually maintained between 97-100 F.

42
Q

Heat Promoting Mechanisms

A

(1) Vasoconstriction
(2) Increased metabolic rate
(3) Muscular activity
(4) Thyroxine effect

43
Q

Heat Loss Mechanisms

A

(1) Radiation
(2) Conduction/Convection
(3) Evaporation

44
Q

Role of the Hypothalamus

A

The major center for temperature regulation.

45
Q

Fever

A

Infection, cancer, injury, etc —-> WBC’s arrive —-> Macrophages enter tissues —-> release pyrogens —-> cause neurons to release prostaglandins —-> reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature —-> cause heat promoting mechanisms

46
Q

Hypothermia

A

Low body temperature, due to overexposure to cold

47
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Severe protein deficiency in children. Leads to failure to grow and eventually mental retardation

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions