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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A

Gas exchange between the air and blood. Conduction of air to exchange surfaces. Protection of respiratory surfaces. Sound production. Olfaction. pH regulation, CO2 determines the pH.

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2
Q

Stages of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation: air is being moved in and out of the lungs.
  2. External Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the lungs
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood.
  4. Internal Respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the body tissues
  5. Cellular Respiration: Utilization of O2 by the cells and the production of CO2 by the cells.
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3
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

the site of gas exchange which involves the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

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4
Q

Conducting Zone

A

All of the other passageways in the system

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5
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Moistens air, filters air, resonating chamber, and olfactory receptors.

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6
Q

The Pharynx

A

A muscular tube in the throat region. It is used by the respiratory and digestive system. Divided into 3 regions. The nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.

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7
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Lies immediately behind the nasal cavity. It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. Contains the auditory tubes, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the uvula.

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8
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extends from the soft palate to the laryngopharynx. Mostly stratified squamous epithelium. The mouth opens to here, the lingual tonsils are on the base of the tongue, and the palatine tonsils are on the side walls.

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9
Q

The Larynx

A

A structure that connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea. It provides an open airway, acts as a switching mechanism and aids in voice production.

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10
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

A U-shaped shield. It consists of hyaline cartilage. it doesn’t completely circumvent the larynx. The location of the Adam’s apple.

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11
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

Makes a complete ring around the larynx. Made of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Epiglottis

A

A leaf-shaped cartilage that guards the opening to the larynx. It helps keep the airway open and is part of the voice production.

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13
Q

Glottis

A

The opening to the larynx. It has 2 horizontal folds of a mucus membrane.

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14
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Two sets. False, the top two folds, and true, the bottom two folds.

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15
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the mucus membrane that covers the folds.

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16
Q

Trachea

A

About 11 centimeters and all hyaline cartilage. The beginning of the lower respiratory tract. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium above the trachea and gives way to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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17
Q

Function of the trachea’s C-shaped rings

A

They keep the trachea from collapsing and allows it to expand when the esophagus expands with food.

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18
Q

Heimlich Maneuver

A

An abdominal thrust where air, and thus any trapped material, is forced out of the trachea.

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19
Q

Primary Bronchi

A

Two branches, left and right. Each supplies one lung.

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20
Q

Secondary Bronchi

A

Also called lobar bronchi. Each supplies a lobe. 3 on the right, the superior, middle, and inferior. 2 on the left, superior and inferior

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21
Q

Tertiary Bronchi

A

Also called segmental bronchi. Each supplies a specific bronchopulmonary segment.

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22
Q

Respiratory Structures

A

Lack cartilage. This is the beginning of the alveolar system, where respiration takes place. In the respiratory bronchioles, there is now ciliated columnar epithelium

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23
Q

Bronchioles

A

The respiratory structures that branch into the alveolar ducts leading to the sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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24
Q

Alveolus

A

The functional unit of the lung. It is simple squamous epithelium and has free roaming macrophages. It has septal cells which produce surfactant a material that rejects water.

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25
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Formed by the alveolar wall and the capillaries where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion. O2 comes from the alveolus to the blood, and CO2 leaves the blood and goes into the alveolus.

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26
Q

ANS Regulation

A

Regulates the smooth muscle layer surrounding the bronchioles. The sympathetic division causes the smooth muscle to relax and the parasympathetic division causes smooth muscle to contract.

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27
Q

Lungs and Pleural Membranes

A

A large amounts of connective tissue with elastic fibers helps give the lungs their elastic recoil

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28
Q

Lung Lobes

A

3 on the right, 2 on the left. Left ones are smaller because the heart is located there.

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29
Q

Pleura

A

A double layered serous membrane. Two layers:

  • parietal: lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum. It goes around the heart and lungs
  • visceral: also called the pulmonary pleura. It covers the external lung surface.
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30
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

Fluid in the pleural cavity between the two layers. It’s secreted for lubrication, and allows for the lungs to glide over the thorax

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31
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

The pressure surrounding the body everyday. Usually about 760 mmHg.

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32
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

A

Rises and falls with the phases of breathing. It equals out with the atmospheric pressure.

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33
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

Always changing, but it’s always 2-4 mm less than in the alveoli. This keeps the lungs from collapsing.

34
Q

Factors holding the lungs to the thoracic wall

A
  • adhesive force of the pleural fluid
  • absorption of gases in the pleural space into the capillary blood
  • the positive pressure in the lungs
35
Q

Factors acting to poyull the lungs away from the thoracic wall

A
  • the recoil tendency of the lungs

- the surface tension in the alveoli

36
Q

Inspiration

A
  1. Inhaling. The diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity volume increases.
  2. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles raises, or elevates, the rib cage and expands the diameter of the thorax
37
Q

Expiration

A

Normally passive. Inspiratory muscles relax, lungs recoil, volume decreases. Pressure increases to exceed atmospheric pressure so gases flow out of the lungs.

38
Q

Prevention of Lung Collapse

A

The alveoli have a layer of moisture in their inner surface and which would cause it to collapse and stick together, but it has surfactant, a phospholipid protein which reduces surface tension.

39
Q

Respiratory Passageway Resistance

A

Friction which makes breathing more strenuous

40
Q

Lung Compliance

A

The ease at which the lungs can be expanded, also called distensibility.

41
Q

Lung Elasticity

A

Essential for expiration. When it declines, it destroys distensibility.

42
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The total volume of air that the lungs can hold

43
Q

Residual Air Volume

A

The amount of air left following a maximum expiration

44
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The total/maximum amount of air moved in a respiratory cycle.

45
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount normally inspired during quiet breathing

46
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume that can be forcefully inspired following a normal expiration

47
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume that can be forcefully expired following a normal inspiration

48
Q

Dead Air Space

A

All the gas exchange occurs across the alveoli, but the remainder of the bronchial ree and other parts of the system constitute dead space.

49
Q

Minute Respiratory Volume

A

The total amount of gas that can be exchange in one minute

50
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

The actual amount of atmospheric air entering the alveoli per minute.

51
Q

Nerual Contol of Respiration

A

Respiratory muscles are responsible for inspiration and expiration under the control of the nervous system. The integrating centers are in the medulla and pons

52
Q

Inspiratory Area

A

The dorsal respiratory group. This center initiates inspiration by sending impulses to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

53
Q

Expiratory Area

A

Not normally active during normal breathing. Only activated during forced breathing.

54
Q

Pneumotaxic Center

A

Fine tunes breathing and prevents lung overinflation

55
Q

Apneusitc Center

A

Prolongs inspiration

56
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

A protective response against over-inflation

57
Q

Cerebral Effects

A

The cerebrum has an effect, but it cannot override the medullary center. The medulla has the final say.

58
Q

Hypothalmic Contorls

A

Emotional and pained reactions can influence respiration.

59
Q

Chemical Control

A

Respiratory muscles that actually cause ventilation are under chemical control, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the blood.

60
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

The direct effect. The H+ produced by the reaction of CO2 and H2O, along with pH sensitive cells excite the inspiratory center. Therefore CO2 is considered to be a major factor controlling respiration.

61
Q

Oxygen

A

The indirect effect. There are 2 chemoreceptors, the aortic and carotid bodies. They are sensitive to arterial O2 concentration. If O2 concentration decreases, a nervous reflex will speed up the activity of the inwaspiratory center. The O2 effect is very weak compared to the CO2 effect.

62
Q

Swallowing

A

A special reflex that avoids the passage of food into the lower respiratory tract. It activates stretch receptors in the wall of the pharynx, causing the epiglottis to cover the glottis.

63
Q

Cough

A

It clears the lower respiratory tract of foreign material

64
Q

Sneeze

A

The same as a cough, but directed through the nasal cavity and clears the upper respiratory tract.

65
Q

Valsalva

A

A reflex that creates a pneumatic support when strenuous activities, such as lifting heavy weights, are performed

66
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Dalton’s Law. The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas

67
Q

Concetration

A

Henry’s Law. The concentration of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to it’s partial pressure

68
Q

Movement of Gases Across Alveoli

A

Oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary cavities, CO2 diffuses into the alveoli.

69
Q

Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood

A

O2 has a higher concentration in the blood than in the tissues, and CO2 has a higher concentration in the tissues than in the blood

70
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient O2 due to impaired respiration, anemia, heart failure or poisoning.

71
Q

CO Poisoning

A

A result of incomplete combustion reactions. The iron in hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than O2.

72
Q

Hypernea

A

Breath is deeper more vigorous, but the breathing pattern has not changed. Results in increased ventilation.

73
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Escessive mucus production. Decreases lung ventilation and gas exchange.

74
Q

Obstructive Emphysema

A

Enlargement of alveoli until they are destroyed, this is permanent.

75
Q

Lung Cancer

A

3 most common types

  • Squamous cell carcinoma: In the major bronchi
  • Adenocarcinoma: Nodules found in the peripheral lung area
  • Small cell carcinoma: clusters in the mediastinum
76
Q

Hypoxia

A

Not enough oxygen

77
Q

Asthma

A

An allergic response which is triggered from a spastic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchioles

78
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and the bronchi. Lowers the surface are and the amount of gas exchange

79
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disease where viscous mucus clogs the respiratory passageways

80
Q

Effects of Aging

A

Between the ages of 20-70, the main lung capacity will be reduced by 25-30%. Lung elasticity is reduced. Loss in PO2, phagocytic activity, and cilia action.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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