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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Produce saliva, milk, HCl, for example.

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Release hormones into the blood and lymph nodes. Include following glands:

  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pineal
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells. They regulate metabolic funtions

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4
Q

Amino Acid based Hormones

A

Most of the hormones in the body.

  • AA Derivatives: Catecholamines like epinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormones, and melatonin.
  • Peptide Hormones: Ex, ADH, oxytocin, GH, and prolactin
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5
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid Derivatives. Structurally related to cholesterol.

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6
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipid derivatives, include prostaglandins.

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7
Q

Target Cell Specificity

A

Hormones only target specific cells which have the correct receptors on their membrane. The hormones then change the activity of the target cell.

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8
Q

Factors Influencing Target Cell Activation

A
  1. The blood levels of the hormones.
  2. The number of receptors on the target cell
  3. The affinity of the hormone and the receptor
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9
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A
  1. Produce a chance in the plasma membrane permeability or electrical state.
  2. Synthesize proteins and enzymes
  3. Produce enzyme activation or deactivation.
  4. Induce secretion
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10
Q

Second Messenger System

A

Nearly all water soluble hormones cannot pass through the lipid membrane of a cell so they act through a second messenger. The hormone binds to a receptor on the membrane, which delivers a signal to an enzyme. The activated enzyme is the second messenger which converts ATP to cyclic AMP and this initiates a cascade of chemical reactions

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11
Q

Direct Gene Activation

A

Lipid soluble hormones, such as steroids, can pass right though the membrane and bind to receptors within the cytoplasm or nucleus. This interacts with chromatin where the hormones bind to the DNA protein and turns on DNA transcription of RNA to direct protein synthesis

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12
Q

Third Messenger

A

If calcium levels are changed by the second messenger system, it then acts as a third messenger.

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13
Q

Hormone Regulation

A

Synthesis and release of hormones is regulated by negative feedback where rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release.

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14
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Pituitary gland secretes ACTH hormone which stimulates glucocorticoid hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Once secreted, glucocorticoid influences various organs. Once the organs are influenced, it exerts a negative feedback on the adrenal cortex inhibiting ACTH production.

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15
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Level change of certain ions and nutrients which stimulates hormone release.

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16
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Nerve fibers that actually stimulate hormone release.

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17
Q

Nervous System Control

A

Stimulus and feedback inhibitions can be moderated by the nervous system. The hypothalamus releases regulatory hormones into the blood to influence the activity of the anterior pituitary glad.

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18
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Consists of 2 lobes. The posterior which is a storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus. The anterior which is the glandular part, it manufactures and releases 6 hormones. 4 are tropic, and control other endocrine glands, the other 2 on non endocrine targets. All work via second messenger systems.

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19
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Release by the anterior pituitary. Protein hormone whose main targets are the bones and skeletal muscle. Promotes protein synthesis, use of fats, and conservation of glucose. Hypersecretion causes giantism or enlargement of boy areas. , hyposecretion causes pituitary dwarfs.

20
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Released by the anterior pituitary. A stimulating hormone, it stimulates normal development and activity of the thyroid gland.

21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Releasing Hormone

A

Released by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticorsteroid hormones to help resist stressors

22
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Released by the anterior pituitary. Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH. THey regulate the function of the ovaries and the testes.

23
Q

Prolactin

A

Released by the anterior pituitary. A protein hormone, it stimulates milk production.

24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stored in the posterior pituitary. A strong stimulant of uterine contractions and milk production.

25
Q

Antidiuretic Hormine

A

Stored in the posterior pituitary. Chemical substance that inhibits and prevents urine formation. Can be inhibited by alcohol. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus can be caused by ADH mis production

26
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Locaed in the anterior throat. It’s composed of hollow follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin.The thyroid gland is unique because it has the ability to store and slowly release its hormones as needed. Thyroid hormone affects every cell in the body except for the brain, spleen, and uterus.

27
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Major metabolic hormone. Actually 2 hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroxine is the major hormone, but it’s all eventually converted into triiodothyronine.

28
Q

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone

A
  1. Thyroblobulin forms on the ribosomes of follicle cells and is discharged into the lumen and stored.
  2. Iodine from blood attaches to tyrosine, an AA, forming part of the thyroglobulin colloid.
  3. Thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell by endocytosis and combined with a lysosome before being released into the blood
29
Q

Thyroid Gland Diseases

A

Graves Disease - hyperthyroidism
Myxedema - hypothyroidism
Cretinism- severe hypothyroidism

30
Q

Thyrocalcitonin

A

Calcitonin. It’s most important role is to control calcium levels.

31
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Embedded in the posterior of the thyroid gland. Usually 3-4 of them.

32
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Most important hormone controlling the calcium balance in the blood. Triggered by falling calcium levels and inhibited by hypercalcemia. Increase levels by stimulating the skeleton, kidneys, or intestines by activating vitamin D.

33
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Found on top of the kidneys. Each has 2 funtional areas. The adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla.

34
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Consists of 3 zones

  1. Glumerulosa
  2. Fasciculata
  3. Reticularis
35
Q

Zone Glumerulosa

A

Produces mineral corticoids. Mainly aldosterone which balances water and minerals in the blood. Hypoaldosteronism is too little aldosterone. Aldosteronism is too much aldosterone.

36
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System

A

The major regulator of aldosterone, kidney involvement of Na+ and K+ ion retention. Plasma concentration of Na+ and K+ influence the glomerulosa to increase K+ and decrease Na+. It’s controled by ACTH, and plasma concentration of the atrialnatriuretic factor, AF. inhibits aldosterone.

37
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Secretes metabolic hormones, the glucocorticoids. They influence metabolism, help resist stressors, and are anti-inflammatory. Hormones include cotisol, cortisone, and corticosterone. Diseases include Addison’s disease, hyposecretion, and Cushing’s disease, hypersecretion.

38
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Chromafin cells arranged in clusters. Has two main hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine used when body is activated for fight-or-flight status. It increanses blood sugar, vessels constrict, heart beats faster, blood pressure increases.

39
Q

Pancreas

A

Located partially behind the stomach. Has islets of Langerhan which produce hormones, and exocrine acinar cells.

40
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Two types of cells.

  • Alpha: Glucagon synthesizing, major target is the liver which reduces glucose into the blood
  • Beta: Insulin producing, lowers blood sugar levels.
41
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyposecretion of insulin. Has 3 main signs: Polyuria, excessive urine output, polydipsia, excessive thirst, and polyphagia, excessive hunger.

42
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce estrogen which is responsible for maturation of reproductive organs and sex characteristics. And progesterone which along with estrogen promotes breast development and menstrual cycles.

43
Q

Testes

A

Produce mainly testosterone which initiates sex characteristics and reproductive organs.

44
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Located in the third ventricle of the brain. Mainly secretes melatonin which increases at night and decreases during the day regulating the circadian rhythm.

45
Q

Thymus

A

Located in the thorax, decreases in size with age. This is where T-cells mature. Produces thymopoietin and thymosine which are essential for immune response.

46
Q

Age Effects

A

With age, function of all endocrine glands degrades, except for the parathyroid gland, which shows very little change with age.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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