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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 17 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of the Blood

A

2 components:

1) Formed Elements
2) Plasma

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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells, function to transport O2 and some CO2. They make up about 45% of blood volume. They give blood it’s color, are anuclear, and biconcave.

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3
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, their main function is protection. Make up less than 1% of blood volume. Numbers increase during disease. They are ameboid, and can move around the tissues as well as the circulatory system.

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4
Q

Platelets

A

Function in the blood clotting process. Make up less than 1% of blood volume

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5
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid, nonliving part of blood. Makes up about 55% of blood volume.

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6
Q

Blood color

A

Depends on the amount of O2 the blood is carrying.

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7
Q

pH of blood

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45

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8
Q

Major Functions of Blood

A

1) Transport - the major highway for moving material around the body.
2) Regulation - maintains normal pH, adequate blood volume, and body heat.
3) Protection - Prevents infection, allows blood clotting.

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9
Q

Importances of being biconcave

A
  1. Larger surface area, which allows for faster gas exchange.
  2. Can form stacks to help blood flow
  3. Enables bending, making blood more flexible
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10
Q

Spectrin

A

Fibrous protein which makes the RBCs more flexible

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11
Q

Average lifespan of blood

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein made of 2 alpha and 2 beta globulin polypeptides. It has 4 heme groups, each with an iron in the center

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13
Q

O2 and CO2 bonding to the hemoglobin

A

When O2 binds directly to the Fe in the heme group, it is called oxyhemoglobin. When it’s not carrying O2, it’s deoxyhemoglobin. CO2 can bind to hemoglobin, but it binds to the amino acids, NOT the Fe.

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14
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of RBCs. Red bone marrow is the only site for formation of RBCs, and the primary site for WBCs,.

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15
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

The stem cells for all formed elements.

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16
Q

Proerythroblast

A

The committed cell for red blood cells

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17
Q

Myeloblasts

A

The committed cell for 3 types of WBCs, the neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.

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18
Q

Lymphoblasts

A

The committed cell for lymphocytes

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19
Q

Monoblasts

A

The committed cell for monocytes

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20
Q

Erythropoiesis

A
  1. The bone marrow stem cell, the hemocytoblast, differentiates into a proerythroblast.
  2. Hemoglobin synthesis begins and the proerythroblast transforms into an erythroblast, or normoblast.
  3. When hemoglobin content reaches about 34%, the erythroblast extrudes its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte.
  4. It is this form that is released into circulation. After 1-2 days, it becomes a mature red blood cell.
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21
Q

Control of erythropoieses

A

The kidneys produce a glycoprotein called erythropoietin (EPO). This stimulates erythropoiesis in the myeloid tissue.

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22
Q

Control of Fe in the blood

A

When hemoglobin disintegrates, Fe is released, but too much Fe is toxic. It must be bound to proteins and stored. In the pasma, it’s bound to transferrin which can then be removed by the bone marrow and liver and bound to two other proteins, ferritin and hemosiderin.

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23
Q

Downside of Lack of Nucleus

A

They’re unable to synthesize proteins, unable to grow, unable to divide.

24
Q

Erythrocyte Destruction

A

After 100-120 days, the cell dies, and hemoglobin breaks down losing it’s Fe. It becomes biliverdin, which is then converted to bilirubin and transported to the liver and excreted into the intestinal tract.

25
Q

Anemia

A

A decrease in O2. May be because of insufficient RBCs, reduced amounts of hemoglobin, or reduced amounts of whole blood.

26
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Red marrow has shut down, due to either radiation toxic chemicals, bleeding problems, or antibiotics.

27
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Due to a deficiency of vitamin B12, or the low production of the intrinsic factor.

28
Q

Abnormal homoglobin

A

Usually genetic. The rate of RBCs destruction is increased due to fragile or defective cells.

29
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in RBCs, high hematocrit. Blood pressure increases,and viscosity increases.

30
Q

Granulocytes

A

Have lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules which are actually vesicles or lysosomes. They are formed in the red marrow from myeloblasts.

31
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Have very small almost invisible granules. Formed in the bone marrow from monoblasts or lymphoblasts. Can divide and proliferate in the lymphoid tissues.

32
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most numerous WBC, 50-70%. Lobed nucleus, looks like a string of sausage. Have red and blue granules, because it is chemically neutral. Active phagocytes, are the fist WBC to get to the site of an infection

33
Q

Basophils

A

Least numerous WBC, 0.5% of cell count. Nucleus is either U or S shaped. Very dark staining granules. Bind to IgE and release heparin and histamine.

34
Q

Eosinophils

A

Make up 2-4% of WBC count. Bilobed nucleus. Stain dark red due to eosin. Function in phagocytosis and in the antigen-antibody complex. Important in defense against multicellular parasites.

35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Constitute 20-25% of WBC count. Responsible for special immunity. Create T-lymphocytes, which fight against viruses and tumor cells, and B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies.

36
Q

Monocytes

A

Only 2-6% of WBC count. Form in bone marrow and enter circulation as macrophages. Have a kidney shaped nucleus, the largest of all WBCs and function to cleanse the tissues.

37
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC count is above normal range. A moderate form follows an infection.

38
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in the WBC count. Incurred by drugs, chemicals, or radiation. It can easily lead to infection.

39
Q

Leukemia

A

Abnormal leukocytes, resulting in a highlyelevated SBC count. Due to cancer of the myeloid or lymphoid tissue. A failure to respond to regular mechanisms. Cells remain unspecialized yet retain their ability to divide. Two forms

  • Acute: affects mostly children. Bone marrow is loaded with leukocytes instead of RBCs leading to severe anemia.
  • Chronic: Affects mostly the elderly.
40
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

An infectious viral disease. Excessive amounts of monocytes and lymphocytes.

41
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets. They fragment from megakaryocytes. Are essential for the clotting process. They are regulated by thrombopoietin, a hormone.

42
Q

Plasma

A

About 90% water and over 100 solutes. Contain 3 primary classes of proteins. Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. Contains glucose, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, waste products, and hormones.

43
Q

Blood Loss Prevention

A

1) Vascular spasm- vasoconstriction upstream of the tear.
2) Platelet plug formation - Platelets aggregate and sprout sticky projections which attract more platelets.
3) Coagulation - Extremely complex process that results in the clotting and closing of the tear.

44
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism

A

Damaged cells release tissue factor (TF). That reacts with calcium to form thromboplastin which activates factor X. Factor X and factor V convert prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrin into fibrin strands. Factor XIII binds the fibrin strands together.

45
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism

A

Begins when factor XII is activated. It then reacts with calcium to for platelet thromboplastin with activates factor X. Factor X and factor V convert prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts soluble fibrin into fibrin strands. Factor XIII binds the fibrin strands together.

46
Q

Clot Retraction

A

Clot forms. After the clot forms, a contraction process begins. Platelets are trapped in a fibrin network and start pulling together.

47
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Disposing of the clot. Plasmogen is a protein that derives into plasmin, and plasmin helps digest the clot.

48
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Factors that inhibit the clotting process. Antithrombin II, which neutralizes thrombin, and heparin with is a thrombin inhibitor.

49
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Circulating platelets have been reduced because of spontaneous bleeding

50
Q

Impaired liver function

A

Leads to a decrease in the amount of procoagulants and results in vitamin K deficiency.

51
Q

Malnutrition

A

Often leads to bleeding problems due to the lack of calcium and vitamin K.

52
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Deficiency of factor VIII

53
Q

Hemophilia B

A

Deficiency of factor IX, a thromboplastin component.

54
Q

Blood Groups

A

Based on the presence or lack of two agglutinogens A and B. A and B are antigens found on the surface of the RBCs

55
Q

Rh Blood Group

A

3 common groups C,D, and E. If the antigen is present it’s Rh+ if absent, Rh-.

56
Q

Rh Incompatibility

A

Happens when there is an Rh- mother and an Rh+ baby. If the first pregnancy is Rh+, the mother will develop the antigen antibody. If the second pregnancy is Rh+, the mother’s body may attack the baby. In order to protect the baby, a Rhogam shot is needed.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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