Chapter 24 NUTRITION Flashcards
1
Q
Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membrane, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormone
A
Lipids
2
Q
Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body
A
Glycogenesis
3
Q
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body
A
Increased appetite and food intake
4
Q
Cholesterol though it is not an energy molecule has important in the body because it_____
A
Is a stabilizing component of the plasma membrane’s and as the parent molecule of steroid hormones
5
Q
Which of the following statements best describes complete proteins
A
Must contain all the bodies amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
6
Q
The term metabolism is best defined as
A
The sum of all bio chemical reactions in the body
7
Q
Which of the following is not true of the basal metabolic rate
A
It is best calculated when the subject and it is in the absorptive state
8
Q
When proteins undergo deamination the way substance found in the urine is mostly
A
Urea
9
Q
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because
A
Most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
10
Q
Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all the following except
A
Iron and selenium
11
Q
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration
A
Glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
12
Q
Catabolism of food molecules involves
A
Hydrolysis reactions
13
Q
Catabolism would be best described as the process that
A
Breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
14
Q
The goal of cellular respiration is to
A
Convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules
15
Q
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as
A
Lipolysis
16
Q
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration
A
Oxidative Phosphorylation
17
Q
Lipogenesis occurs when
A
Cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
18
Q
Oxidative deamination takes place in
A
Liver
19
Q
Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is
A
Transferred to a keto acid
20
Q
Glycogen is formed in the liver during
A
Absorptive state
21
Q
Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat promoting Center
A
Release of epinephrine
22
Q
Gluconeogenesis Is the process in which
A
Glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate molecules
23
Q
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the
A
Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
24
Q
What is the outcome of ketosis
A
Metabolic acidosis
25
Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state
Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones
26
In the case of a person who consumes a normal balance diet proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except
Production of energy
27
The most Abundant dietary lipids are
Triglycerides
28
The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food induced thermogenesis
Proteins
29
Which of the hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state
Insulin
30
Why is external respiration necessary for cellular respiration
Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and Hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain
31
Which of the following is not an important function of the liver
Synthesis of vitamin K
32
As a body progresses from the absorptive to the post absorptive state the ____ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source
Brain
33
In gluconeogenesis during the post absorptive state amino acids and____ Are converted to glucose
Glycerol
34
In the liver the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as____ In the oxidative state
Ammonia
35
Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production
Sweating
36
Heat loss enhancing mechanisms do not include
Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
37
The amount of _____ Produce is probably the most important hormonal factor in the determining basal metabolic rate
Thyroxine
38
When Keytone bodies are present in the blood in urine in large amounts it usually indicates increase metabolism of
Fatty acids
39
The thermostat or temperature regulator of the body is
Hypothalamus
40
When sitting on a cold park bench body he is transferred to the bench by
Conduction
41
During exercise increased metabolic activity increases body heat which then triggers sweating which of the following best describes the function of sweating
Sensible evaporation
42
Which of the following statements is false
Amino acid pool is the body’s total supply of amino acids in the body’s proteins
43
Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates
Grain
44
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized
Fats
45
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria
Glycolysis
46
Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation
It involves the anabolism of fats
47
Select the correct statement about proteins
Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbs are ingested
48
In the oxidation reduction reaction the reduced reactant ____
Phosphorylation
49
Which of the choices below is not a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state
Absorption of glucose from the G.I. tract
50
Which of the following is correct
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
51
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins
Eggs milk yogurt meat and fish
52
Conditions that promote the oxidative
Excessive amounts of protein in the diet
53
When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic point the person may
Shiver
54
Glucose can be obtained from
Glycogenolysis
55
Which of the following is not a function of low density lipoprotein’s
Transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
56
Which of the following best Define negative nitrogen balance
Protein breakdown exceeds proteins synthesis
57
Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result ATP production is solely through _____
Glycolysis
58
In India rice is the large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin and rice with lead to higher levels of blindness in this population
Vitamin a
59
Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she Carbo-loads when eating a large pasta dinner
Glycogenesis
60
Several hours after your last meal declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone___ which stimulates glycogenolysis Lipolysis And fat mobilization and Gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
61
At the conclusion of glycol lysis most of the glucose is chemical energy is found in the
Pyruvic acid molecules
62
While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this
Iodine
63
a recent Health screening revealed a low density lipoprotein level over 130 which of the following should be prescribed
Statins
64
Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation in an occurs in the cytoplasm
False, mitochondrial matrix
65
Except for lactose in some glycogen the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals
False, plants
66
The term Essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life in good health
False
67
There are no nutritionally complete proteins all animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein
False
68
The body is considered to be a nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine
False, in proteins
69
Vitamins are in organic compounds that are essential for growth and good health
False, organic
70
Cellular respiration Is an Anabolic process
False, catabolic reaction
71
The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat
False, glucose
72
Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body
False
73
The major role of high density lipoprotein’s is to store energy in the form of fat
False, absorbs cholesterol and carries back to liver
74
Tying tying cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations
False
75
The primary function of dietary protein is energy production within cells
False, tissue maintenance and growth
76
A friend expresses concern that their family hardly ever consumes fruits and vegetables and is not eating healthy. Use the USDA's MyPlate food guide to help your friend understand how to improve this family's diet.
The USDA's guidelines are represented by a dinner plate that suggests how to plan meals relative to amounts and varieties of foods from each group. The plate depicts approximately 30% grains, 30% vegetables, 20% fruits, and 20% protein. A cup nearby represents dairy. The plate illustrates that half of your foods should be fruits and vegetables. Many people consume less than this recommended amount.
77
Your car breaks down along the highway on a cold winter afternoon. As you wait for help to arrive, the temperature drops significantly inside the car. Describe two involuntary adjustments an adult body will make in order to maintain core body temperature.
1. Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels: Sympathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in skin in order to reduce heat otherwise lost through radiation from the skin. 2. Shivering: Brain centers controlling muscle tone are activated which eventually cause heat generation from the involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles.
78
What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange and how are they defined?
(1) Radiation is the loss of heat as thermal energy. (2) Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with each other. (3) Convection is the process of replacing the warm air around the body with cooler air and thus removing body heat. (4) Evaporation cools by removing large amounts of heat as water changes state from liquid to gas.
79
Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete amino acids daily.
The amino acid pool consists of the body's total supply of free amino acids needed to resynthesize body proteins. Even though a small amount of amino acids and proteins is lost daily in urine, these are replaced through diet. If they are not replaced, the amino acids resulting from tissue breakdown become a part of the pool.
80
Megadoses of vitamin supplements may have serious consequences. Extreme excess of which vitamin group, water or fat soluble, is most likely to cause serious health problems, and why?
Fat-soluble vitamins are most likely to cause serious health problem such as damage to the brain, kidneys, liver, bone, and cardiovascular system, because they are stored in the body and excesses are not removed.
81
What is obesity, and what health problems accompany or follow its onset?
Obesity is a BMI (body mass index) greater than 30. Health problems accompanying or following obesity include a higher incidence of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus
82
How is the postabsorptive state controlled and initiated?
The postabsorptive state is controlled by the interaction of the sympathetic nervous system and several hormones, especially glucagon. The trigger for initiating postabsorptive events is damping of insulin release, which occurs as blood glucose levels begin to drop. Insulin levels decline, and the insulin-induced cellular responses are inhibited.
83
What is the significance of the fact that monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells?
Monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells so that entry into metabolic pathways is possible. Additionally, phosphorylation, to change the structure of glucose, allows the maintenance of a diffusion gradient for simple glucose. Phosphorylation also prevents glucose from leaving the cell.
84
Explain what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in sufficient quantities to support the electron transport system.
When oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the NADH + H+ produced during glycolysis begins to unload its hydrogen "baggage" back onto pyruvic acid, reducing it. This addition of hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid results in the production of lactic acid.
85
Define nitrogen balance. List three factors that might lead to negative nitrogen balance and three that might result in positive nitrogen balance.
Nitrogen balance is a state when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount of nitrogen excreted in urine and feces. Factors leading to negative nitrogen balance (when protein breakdown exceeds the use of protein for building structural or functional molecules) include: physical and emotional stress, poor-quality dietary protein, and starvation. Factors leading to positive nitrogen balance (when the rate of protein synthesis is higher than the rate of its breakdown and loss) include: the normal condition in growing children and pregnant women, periods of rebuilding or repair following illness, and site-specific regeneration following injury.
86
After chopping wood for about 2 hours on a hot but breezy afternoon, John stumbled into the house and immediately fainted. His T-shirt was wringing wet with perspiration, and his pulse was faint and rapid. What is your tentative diagnosis? Explain your reasoning and note what you should do to help John's recovery.
John was suffering from heat exhaustion due to excessive loss of body fluids (indicated by his wet T-shirt); his low blood pressure; and cool, clammy skin. To help his recovery, he should be given fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and should be cooled down.
87
Harry is hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia. When you visit him, his teeth are chattering, his skin is cool and clammy to the touch, and he complains of feeling cold, even though the room is quite warm. Explain his symptoms.
Harry's symptoms indicate a fever caused by his bacterial pneumonia. The white cells battling the pneumonia release pyrogens that act directly on the hypothalamus, causing its neurons to release prostaglandins. The prostaglandins reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature, causing the body to initiate heat-promoting mechanisms including shivering and vasoconstriction that causes a decline of heat loss from the body surface, cooling of the skin, and shivering.
88
Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank?
Hank suffered from a genetic disorder known as "familial hypercholesterolemia," a condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal, the uptake of cholesterol by tissue cells is blocked, and the total concentration of cholesterol and LDLs in the blood is enormously elevated. Victims of the disease usually die in adolescence of coronary artery disease.
89
The patient is a 28-year-old female with type-1 diabetes mellitus. She developed viral gastroenteritis with nausea and vomiting. She did not take her insulin and she became increasingly nonresponsive. Her husband called 911 and she was taken to the emergency room. Her pulse rate was 128 and her respiratory rate was 28, deep, and smelled fruity (Kussmaul breathing). Her urinary glucose and ketone levels were both 4+. Her pH was dangerously low. Explain how the body attempted to compensate for the low serum pH.
Ketosis leads to metabolic acidosis. The deep, rapid respirations were the body's attempt to compensate for the extremely low pH by blowing off CO2, resulting in less carbonic acid that in turn caused pH to rise.
90
The patient is 45 years old and is obese. He states he has been on the Atkins diet (low carbohydrate and high protein and fat) and has lost 20 pounds. What are the dangers inherent in following fad diets for quick weight loss?
Many fad diets are nutritionally unhealthy, particularly if they limit certain groups of nutrients. Some of the liquid high-protein diets contain poor-quality protein and are actually dangerous.
91
What are four possible complications of obesity from a medical standpoint?
Obesity contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus; the obese also have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart disease, and osteoarthritis.
92
The patient is 52 years old and has a history of hypertension. His cholesterol level is 245. He states his job is very stressful and he is recently going through a divorce. He admits to being overweight and has an inactive lifestyle. His father died of a stroke at age 60. He is worried about having a heart attack and/or stroke and wishes to change his lifestyle. Among other advice, the nurse encourages the patient to eat more cold-water fish such as salmon. Explain why eating more fish would be of benefit for this patient.
The omega-3 fatty acids in cold-water fish lower the proportions of both saturated fats and cholesterol, make blood platelets less sticky, thus helping to prevent spontaneous clotting that can block blood vessels and they also appear to lower blood pressure.
