Chapter 16 The Endocrine System Flashcards
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
Ovaries
Store house for this hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain
Pituitary
Produces hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics
Testes
Produces hormones involved in electrolyte balance in the stress response
Adrenal
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ
Hypothalamus
Growth hormone
Bones and muscles
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Testees or ovaries
Prolactin
Mammary glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid
An auto immune problems involving the thyroid gland
Graves’ disease
Hyposecretion of growth hormone
Pituitary dwarfism
Hyposecretion of the pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
Hypersecretion of growth hormone that occurs during adulthood
Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults
Myxedema
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex
Cushing’s disease
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
Gigantism
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants
Cretinism
The size and shape of a P; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body
Pancreas
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels
Parathyroid glands
Produces the bodies major metabolic hormones
Thyroid gland
Testosterone production
Hormonal stimulus
Epinephrine production
Neural stimulus
Aldosterone production
Hormonal stimulus
Parathyroid hormone production
Humoral stimulus
The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain x-rays
True
Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels
False; parathyroid hormone
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin
False; glucagon
The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that horror mode, which is referred to as up or down regulation
True
Both turn on factors and turn off factors may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system
True
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones
True
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin
True
Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves’ disease
False; can cause a goiter
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions
True
enteroendocrine cells of the G.I. track produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters
True
Type two diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production
True
The prime metabolic affect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis
True
The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin
True
Most type two diabetics do not produce insulin
False; type 1 diabetics
Cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate, and calcium ions can serve a second messengers
True
ANP is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium
True
Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension
True
Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium
False; not calcium
Many hormones synthesized in the Gastrointestinal track are chemically identical to bring neurotransmitters
True
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary
False; stored and released in posterior pituitary but produced in hypothalamus
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine
True
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid
False; thyroid gland
Growth hormone solely exerts it’s influenced by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones
false; pituitary gland
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress
false; catecholamines
Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system
false; it does not
All amino acid-based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
false; amino acid based hormones are not lipid soluble and therefore cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of what?
Cortisol
Normal development of the immune response is due in part Two hormones produced by the what?
thymus gland
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling affects through intracellular what?
Second messengers
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
Enzymatic
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called what?
Hormones
the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ______.
Runs through the infundibulum
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
Polycythemia
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target sell that directly activate specific genes?
Testosterone
Oxytocin _______.
Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Antidiuretic hormone _______.
Secretion is inhibited by alcohol
enterochromaffin-like cells Of the gastric mucosal can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would be described as a what?
paracrine
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
Stimulate production of an action potential
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
Direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on what?
The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target issue or organ
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the what?
Hypophyseal portal system
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ______.
It is only a hormonal storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Steroid hormones exert their action by _______.
Entering the nucleus of the cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by _______.
Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and camp
Hormones often causes a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because _______.
During protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane
Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to what?
Steroid hormones because both diffuse easily into target cells
Which anterior pituitary hormonal does not target another endocrine gland?
Growth hormone
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
Catabolic inhibition
The major targets of growth hormone or what?
Liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
Inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone ANP?
The heart
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to what?
Cortisol
Leptin is secreted by what?
Adipose cells
Which of the following is not a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism?
Steroid
Which of the following is not a steroid based hormone?
epinephrine
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is what?
Parathyroid hormone
Hormones that bind to plasma proteins ______.
Are usually synthesized from cholesterol
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
First enter into the hypophyseal portal system
The effect of a hormonal on a target sell may be decreased by the presence of what?
Antagonistic hormones
Aldosterone ________.
Functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which of the following is not a step in thyroxine production?
The diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell
In circumstances were the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as what?
up-regulatiom
A release of parathyroid hormone will trigger what?
Increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulate sperm production in the testes
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone but it’s mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this different?
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response
How do you glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid base hormones?
Calcium
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones synthesized from cholesterol?
Testosterone
Which hormone has only one known effect, to simulate milk production by the breasts?
prolactin
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Zona reticularis; gonadocorticoids
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?
humoral
Dev has discovered a new lipid soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?
Will be bound to a transport proteins in the blood
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Glucagon
Upon landing at the airport in Nigeria, Eric feels Wideawake even though the local time is 11 PM. Which synthetic hormones supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
Melatonin
At age 85 Lyle’s immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
thymus
Johanna, a seven-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
Growth hormone
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ____, Which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that routine sodium and water, increased blood sugar, and begin breaking down fat.
ACTH
Melatonin ______.
Is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
Glucagon ______.
Triggers gluconeogenesis
Which of the following is not a typical result of a long-term stress response?
Decrease production of glucocorticoids
Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands
Exocrine glands contain duct that secrete products on to epithelial surface. Endocrine glands are ductless gland that release secretions into the bloodstream
Why should the hypothalamus instead of the anterior pituitary be called the master endocrine gland?
The hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary activities through regulatory function
Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?
The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and closure of epiphyseal plate prohibits further longitudinal bone growth
A woman was excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?
Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids
A person who drinks a lot of alcohol beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
What is the role of hormone producing cells found within the heart?
Some cardiac cells produce ANP which helps regulate salt out put by the kidneys. ANP inhibit aldosterone and signals the kidneys to remove salt
List three factor that target cell activation depends on, after the hormones bind to the receptors.
1) blood levels of hormones
2) relative number of receptors on or in target cells
3) affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?
They use different cell surface receptors
Explain how parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium ion levels
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium stored in bones into the bloodstream
List the form mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion
1) reninangiotensin mechanism
2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium ions
3) control exerted by ACTH
4) plasma concentration of ANP
What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?
autocrines are self regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured. Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally and tend to affect only the cells immediately around them.
Define synergism in hormone interaction at target cells and give an example
Synergism is when more than one hormone produces the same affects at target cells and affects combined are amplified. Example is glucagon and epinephrine friend cause liver to release glucose. When acting together, amount of glucose released is 150% of what is released went acting alone
Describe the feedback loop responsible for these goiters
Upon detecting low levels of thyroid hormone in blood, hypothalamus uses a releasing hormone to signal anterior pituitary to produce TSH, which increases production of thyroid hormone in the thyroid. Iodine is required for functional thyroid hormone. Lack of iodine causes the continued effort by the thyroid to increase production as the hypothalamus continues to stimulate TSH production.
Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. Laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate. Although she also proved to have high blood pressure, tests of thyroid function were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used?
The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines, sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma. Treatment is removal of the tumor and/or irradiation of the adrenal medulla.
Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal
kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Further questioning reveals a medical history of abnormal reflexes and weakness. What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?
The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the tumor
It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison’s disease (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). What symptoms may have led to the diagnosis of this
condition?
Hypoglycemia, a bronzing of the skin, low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, and some dehydration would all have been observed in the patient.
The parents of a 17-year-old boy are concerned about his height because he is only 5 feet tall and they are both close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, certain hormones are prescribed for the boy. What is the probable diagnosis, and what hormones were prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his growth potential?
The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is commercial pituitary growth hormone. The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones.
John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends irradiation of the pituitary gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Why?
The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused.
Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the
extracellular fluid.
The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney. With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration.
What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing’s syndrome?
Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe. Therefore the nurse should protect the patient from infection.
A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dl. On
assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face
was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Describe the physiological response that is occurring.
In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically. The fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids. When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.
Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to normal functions. Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic?
Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia. The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level. This was a proper action because he was hypoglycemic. If he had been hyperglycemic, the small amount of glucose in the piece of candy would not have made any difference
Following a workup for symptoms of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, a patient is told that his pituitary is hypersecreting prolactin. Is there a need for concern about this yound man?
yes because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence.
