Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards
Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms and please complex rolled in inflammatory diseases like allergies and asthma
Eosinophil
Nucleus is multi lobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules
Neutrophil
Transports CO2 and oxygen
Erythrocyte
Contains a U or an S shaped nucleus; granules staying very dark; releases histamine and heparin
Basophils
Largest of the white blood cells become macrophages associated with chronic infection
Monocyte
The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure
Albumin
Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma
Fibrinogen
Precursor to the structural framework of a blood clot
Fibrinogen
Makes up most of plasma proteins
Albumin
Material absorbed from the digestive tract, including simple sugars, amino acid, and fatty acids
Organic nutrients
Ions in the plasma- like sodium, potassium, and chloride ions
Electrolytes
Main contributor to osmotic pressure
Albumin
Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
Gamma globulins
Necessary for coagulation
Fibrinogen
Transport proteins like transferrin or others that bind delivered or fat soluble vitamins
Alpha and beta globulins
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
Neutrophil
White blood cell without cytoplasmic granules
Monocyte
Protein capable of changing shape and color in the presence of oxygen
Hemoglobin
Adverse reaction of donor blood cells with recipient plasma
Agglutination
Lacking in hemophilia type a
Factor VIII
Produced by platelets
Prostaglandin derivatives such as thromboxane A2
A fibrous proteins that gives shape to a red blood cells plasma membrane
Spectrin
Hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
Stimulates white blood cell production
Interleukins And CSFs
Natural anti-coagulant found in basophils
Heparin
Cancerous condition involving white blood cells
Leukemia
Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity
Anemia
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity
Polycythemia
Free floating thrombus in the bloodstream
Embolism
Platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels seen as petechiae on the skin
Thrombocytopenia
The primary source of red blood cells any adult human being is the bone marrow in the shaft of the long bones
False; the ONLY source
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells
True
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting
False; vasoconstriction
The process of fibrinolysis Disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred
False; disposes of unwanted fibrin deposits after healing has occurred
The normal red blood cell graveyard is the liver
False; spleen
Hemorrhagic anemia’s results from blood loss
True
White blood cells are produced through the action of colony stimulating factors
True
When erythrocytes are destroyed some of the heme is converted into bilirubin and then secreted as bile
True
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin
False; the protein heme and colorless elements
Myeloid stem cells give rise to all leukocytes
False; all other formed elements
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen
False; 4
Diapededid is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries
False; blood cells, mostly leukocytes
Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signal leukocyte migration into damaged areas
True
Clotting factor activation turns clotting factors into enzymes
True
Basophils increase in number one parasitic invasion occurs
False; eosinophils
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes
True
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood
True
Leukocytes move through the interstitial space is but Amoebid motion
True
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types
True
Including, prothrombin activator catalyzes prothrombin into thrombin, which in turn convert fibrinogen into fibrin
True
Myelocytic leukemia involves a cancerous condition of lymphocytes
False
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen then does adult hemoglobin
True
A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering _______.
A bacterial infection
A person exhibiting suppression of immunity and clotting disorder as well as low oxygen carrying capacity is likely suffering from which of the following?
Aplastic anemia
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked in adequate number of erythrocytes?
Oxygen transport
Which blood component primarily contribute to plasma osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Lots of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely card which of the following?
Loss of blood clotting
A patient’s hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat. What is a likely cause for this?
Severe infection
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin would you expect to see what?
Increased hematocrit
With a patient who is administered an injection of colony stimulating factor, You would expect to see what?
Increased white blood cell count
Higher viscosity of blood will increase the number of stress placed on the heart well it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ______.
Hematocrit is highest
Which of the following would you expect to have the least affect on hematocrit percentage?
Prolong or excessive fever
People that have a single gene copy for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is what?
People with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria
Lipids are in soluble in water but are found traveling in the plasma of the blood. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this?
Lipids are carried in plasma bound to soluble plasma transport proteins
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous why?
Preformed antibodies in the recipients blood will bind and clump the donated cells
If you centrifuge whole blood, you will find the red blood cells at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies what?
Red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells
If you centrifuge whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This different reflects the fact that what?
White blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
Which two factors below make rapid and substantial blood loss life-threatening?
Loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen carrying capacity
If a person is severely dehydrated you’d expect to see all of the following except what?
Lower immunity
Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of white blood cells?
Granulosis
What is the average normal PH range of blood?
7.35 To 7.45
The specific type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is what?
Hemoglobin F
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
Hemocytoblast
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?
O negative
If a patient with blood type B received a transfusion of AB blood, Which of the following would occur?
The patient anti-a antibodies will agglutinate with the a antigens in the donor blood
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia of EPO producing cells
Blood reticulocyte count provide information regarding what?
Rate of erythrocyte formation
A patient with type a blood positive can, in theory, safely donate blood to someone with what blood?
A positive or AB positive
When neither anti-a zero nor anti-b zero clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood type is what?
O
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except what?
Low blood viscosity
Which is not true of leukocyte?
They all contain easily recognizable membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
Replacing lost blood volume with an isotonic sailing solution what?
Lowers the patients hematocrit
Blood doping refers to the practice of what before and athletic event.
Removing, storing, and re-injecting a persons red blood cells
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B 12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macro sites, is a characteristic of what?
Pernicious anemia
Which is not true of thrombocytopenia?
It increases the risk of embolism formation
Leukocytes displaying red cytoplasmic granules when treated with wright stain are most likely what?
Eosinophils
Friends blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to a, to b, or to RH antigens in the plasma
Which of the following would not be a possible cause of sickling a red blood cells in someone with sickle cell anemia?
Prolonged exposure to cold
The cells responsible for producing platelets are called white?
Megakaryocytes
Hemolytic disease of the newborn will not be possible in which of the following situations listed below
If the father is RH negative
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
Kidney
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
Plasma contains dissolved fibrous proteins
Which of the following is not a typical plasma proteins?
Erythropoietin
If a person has AB blood type, which of the ABO blood types can they receive blood from?
All of them
When monocytes migrate into the interstitial space is to fight infection, they changed to a different type of cell called what?
Macrophages
The group of blood disorders in which blood oxygen levels are in adequate to support normal metabolism is called what?
Anemia
How many polypeptide chains make up a hemoglobin?
Four
List the two general factors that limit normal clot growth to the site of injury.
Rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factor
List the most common causes of bleeding disorders
Platelet deficiency; deficiency of pro coagulants due to liver disorder; or certain genetic conditions
List of the granulocytes and describe the appearance of their granules in a typical blood smear
Neutrophils- pale, in distinct
Eosinophils- red
Basophils- dark purple
Why is iron not stored or transported in it’s free form? In what form is it stored or transported in blood?
Free iron is toxic to body cells, iron is stored within cells as proteins iron complexes such as ferritin and hemosiderin. It is transported loosely bound to a protein called transferrin
Explain why blood is classified as a connective tissue
What develops from mesenchyme which is the same embryonic tissue that develops into all other connective tissue
What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull dark red?
The amount of oxygen in blood
What is the Buffy coat found in centrifuged whole blood?
Leukocytes and platelets
Why is hemoglobin enclosed in erythrocytes rather than existing free in plasma?
Prevents it from breaking into fragments that would leak out of vascular system through poorest capillaries
When diagnosing and iron deficiency one of the first test is a red blood cell count. Why is this so?
Iron is mostly stored in hemoglobin of red blood cells
Why are the two pathways of blood clotting referred to as the extrinsic an intrinsic pathways?
The factors required to initiate clotting are present within the blood in the intrinsic pathway and outside the blood in the extrinsic pathway
Why would there because for concern if a young pregnant mother is RH negative, her husband is Rh positive, and this is their second child?
If the second child is Rh positive and she did not take a RhoGAM shot after her first child, There is a chance the second child will develop erythroblastosis fetalis and die before birth
A total white blood cell count and a differential white blood cell count has been ordered for Mrs. Johnson. What information is obtained from the differential count that the total count does not provide?
Differential count determines the relative proportion of individual leukocyte types. The total white blood cell count indicates an increase or decrease in number of white blood cells
List three blood test that might be ordered if anemia is suspected
Hematocrit, CBC, reticulocyte count
A patient complains of no energy, a chronic sore throat, a low-grade fever, and is tired and achy. His doctor notes and enlarge spleen upon examination. What diagnosis would you expect and what definitive test would you request?
Diagnosis of possible infectious mononucleosis test would be differential white blood cell count
A man of Mediterranean ancestry goes to his doctor with the following symptoms. He is very tired all the time. He has difficulty catching his breath even after mild exercise. His doctor orders the following tests, CBC, hematocrit, differential white blood cell count, and hemoglobin electrophoresis. The test shows immature erythrocytes, fragile erythrocyte, and less than 2 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter. What would be a tentative diagnosis and suggested treatment?
Thalassemia; treatment is blood transfusion and chelation therapy to remove excess of iron accumulate from transfusion
A 68-year-old male is admitted to the hospital for emphysema. He is hypoxic and his lab test revealed low oxygen levels. His hematocrit is 65%. The physician has told him that he has a type of polycythemia in which he has an increased number of erythrocytes circulating in his bloodstream. The patient tells the nurse that he does not understand what that means. How was the nurse explain this in terms of the patient could understand?
Because you have decreased oxygen levels in your blood, your body has responded by producing more red blood cells, called polycythemia. The low oxygen level causes your kidneys to produce a hormone called erythropoietin to stimulate the production of more red blood cells
An elderly patient tells the nurse that she has been very tired lately and has difficulty walking to her mailbox without getting very short of breath. The nurse notes the mucous membranes are pale. The patient states that since her husband died three months ago, she has not been eating well. The physician confirms that she has iron deficiency anemia. How are the patient’s clinical manifestations an iron deficiency anemia related?
Without iron, the red bone marrow cannot manufacture sufficient hemoglobin. The clinical manifestations are attributed to the reduction in oxygen available to tissues. Anemic individuals are fatigued, often pale, short of breath, and cold
A 17-year-old black male is admitted to the hospital in sickle cell crisis. Pain management is a top priority for patient in sickle cell crisis. Explain why.
The altered sickle shaped sells makes the blood more viscous in the normal circulation is impaired. The oxygen deprived tissues are forced to switch to anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid which causes severe pain and swelling
A 52-year-old woman was diagnosed with leukemia and has been receiving chemotherapy as an outpatient. She tells the RN that she hasn’t been feeling well. The patient skin is warm to the touch and she has a low-grade fever of 100.2°F. The neutrophil blood count is less than 1000. The nurse is concerned about the possibility of infection because of the neutropenia and low-grade fever. Explain why.
A low-grade fever in someone with neutropenia is a major concern for survival because of the neutrophils raw in phagocytosis. The patient has a decreased ability to fight off infection and can’t respond by quickly developing more white blood cells like normal
