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Health Assessment > Chapter 24: Neurological System (Exam #2) > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Neurological System (Exam #2) Flashcards

1
Q

The brain and spinal cord compose the:

A

CNS

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2
Q

The 12 cranial nerves & 31 spinal nerves / branches compose the:

A

PNS

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3
Q

WHat is the name for the cerebrums outer layer of nerve cell bodies that look like “gray matter” due to their lack of myelin:

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Center of functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, & voluntary movement:

A

Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Name for each half of the cerebrum:

A

Hemisphere

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6
Q

How many hemispheres are in the brain?

A

2, left and right

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7
Q

Each hemisphere is divided into how many lobes?

A

4

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8
Q

Lobe that has areas concerned with personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual functioning:

A

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

What structure in the frontal lobe initiates voluntary movement?

A

Precentral gyrus

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10
Q

Postcentral gyrus of what lobe is the primary center for sensation?

A

Parietal lobe

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11
Q

Lobe that is the primary visual receptor center:

A

Occipital lobe

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12
Q

Lobe that is located behind the ears & has the primary auditory reception center - with functions of hearing, taste, and smell:

A

Temporal lobe

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13
Q

Which structure in the temporal lobe is linked to language comprehension?

A

Wernicke area

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14
Q

Review this diagram.

A
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15
Q

What occurs when a patient’s wernicke area is damaged in the patient’s dominant hemisphere?

A

Receptive aphsia

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16
Q

When a person hears a sound, but it has no meaning, almost like a foreign language:

A

Receptive aphasia

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16
Q

What occurs when the cerebral artery becomes occluded?

A

Ischemic stroke

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17
Q

What occurs when vascular bleeding happens in the brain?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

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18
Q

What region of the brain is concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s area

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19
Q

What does damage in Broca’s area cause? It can be characterized by hesitant and fragmented speech with little grammatical structure.

A

Broca’s aphasia

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20
Q

Large bands of gray matter buried deep within the 2 cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical-associated motor system (also known as the extrapyramidal system):

A

Bsal ganglie

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21
Q

Sites of contact between neurons:

A

Synapses

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22
Q

Main relay station where sensory pathways of the spoinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem form synapses:

A

Thalamus

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23
Q

Major respiratory center with basic function control and coordination:

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

A coiled structure located under the occipital lobe that processes motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone:

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

Central core of the brain consisting of mostly nerve fibers, originates cranial nerves III - XII from nuclei, and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla:

A

Brainstem

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26
Q

Most anterior part of the brainstem that still has the basic tubular structure of the spinal cord, & merges into the thalamus & hypothalamus. It also contains many motor neurons and tracts:

A

Midbrain

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27
Q

Long, cylindric structure of nervous tissue about as big around as your little finger, and is the main highway for ascending & descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to spinal nerves:

A

Spinal cord

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28
Q

Enlarged area in the brainstem that contains ascending sensory & descending motor tracts:

A

Pons

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29
Q

The continuation of the spinal cord in the brainstem that contains all ascending & descending fiber tracts, and also has vital autonomic centers:

A

Medulla

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30
Q

What tract contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensations of pain, temperature, itch, and non-localized crude touch?

A

Anterolateral tract

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31
Q

What tract / fibers conduct position and vibration sensations and finely localized touch?

A

Posterior (dorsal) columns

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32
Q

Without looking, you know where your body parts are in psace and in relation to one another. This is known as:

A

position (proprioception)

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33
Q

You can feel vibrating objects. This is known as:

A

Vibration

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34
Q

Without looking, you can identify familiar objects by touch alone:

A

Finely localized touch (stereognosis)

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35
Q

Name for a bunch of fiber bundles outside of the central nervous system:

A

Nerve

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36
Q

Basic defense mechanism of the nervous system:

A

Reflex arc

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37
Q

Patellar reflex (or knee-jerk):

A

Deep tendon / stretch reflex

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38
Q

Plantar reflex:

A

Superficial (cutaneous)

39
Q

Pupillary response to light and accommodation:

A

Visceral (organic) reflex

40
Q

Cranial nerves I & II extend from:

A

The cerebrum

41
Q

Circumscribed that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve:

A

Dermatome

42
Q

Cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves:

A

Dermal segmentation

43
Q

Medical emergency - acute stoppage of blood to the brain & is the 5th most common cause of death in the United States:

A

Stoke

43
Q

loss of the ability to recognie the importance of sensory impressions:

A

Agnosia

44
Q

loss of the ability to express thoughts in writing:

A

Agraphia

45
Q

loss of memory

A

amnesia

46
Q

Loss of pain sensation:

A

Analgesia

47
Q

Loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs; or loss of comrehension of spoken & written language:

A

Aphsia

47
Q

Loss of the ability to perform purposeful movement nin the abscense of sensory or motor damage (not able to use objects correctly):

A

Apraxia

48
Q

Inability to perform coordinated movements:

A

Ataxia

49
Q

Bizzare, slow, twisting, writhing movement resembling a snake or a worm:

A

Athetosis

50
Q

Sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving the limbs, trunk, or face:

A

Chorea

51
Q

Rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to a sudden stretch:

A

Clonus

52
Q

state of profound unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused:

A

coma

53
Q

collision or trauma causes violent shaking of brain, yielding behavioral changes but no changes on radiologic imaging:

A

concussion

54
Q

arms stiffly extended, adducted, internally rotated; legs stiffly extended, plantar-flexed:

A

Decerebrate rigidity

55
Q

arms adducted and flexed, wrists and fingers flexed; legs extended, internally rotated, plantar-flexed:

A

Decerebrate rigidity

56
Q

Imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular control resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage:

A

Dysarthria

57
Q

impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order:

A

Dysphasia

58
Q

disappearance of conditioned response:

A

extinction

59
Q

rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb

A

fasciculation

60
Q

Loss of muscle tone, limp:

A

Flaccidity

61
Q

Ability to “read” a number by having it traced on the skin:

A

Graphesthesia

62
Q

loss of motor power (paralysis) on one side of the body, usually caused by a stroke; paralysis occurs on side opposite the lesion:

A

Hemiplegia

63
Q

motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system:

A

Lower motor neuron

64
Q

nerve located entirely within the central nervous system:

A

Upper motor neuron

65
Q

rapid sudden jerk of a muscle:

A

Myoclonus

66
Q

Stiffness in the cervical neck area:

A

Nuchal rigidity

66
Q

Back and forth oscillation of the eyes:

A

Nystagmus

67
Q

prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeal irritation:

A

Opisthotonos

68
Q

decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers:

A

paralysis

69
Q

impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the lower half of the body

A

Paraplegia

70
Q

abnormal sensation (e.g., burning, numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensation):

A

Paresthesia

71
Q

ability of the person to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin has been touched

A

Point localization

72
Q

sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space:

A

Proprioception

73
Q

continuous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension with increased deep tendon reflexes:

A

Spasticity

74
Q

ability to recognize objects by feeling their form, size, and weight while the eyes are closed

A

Stereognosis

75
Q

repetitive twitching of a muscle group at inappropriate times (e.g., wink, grimace):

A

Tic

76
Q

involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints:

A

Tremor

77
Q

ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin:

A

two-point discrimination

78
Q

The reflex response is graded on:

A

4-point scale

79
Q

Reflex response that is brisker than average, may indicate disease, but is probably normal:

A

Grade 3+

79
Q

Reflex response that is very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, and indicative of disease:

A

Grade 4+

80
Q

Reflex response that is average / normal:

A

Grade 2+

81
Q

Reflex response that is diminished, low normal, or occurs with reinforcement:

A

Grade 1+

82
Q

Absent reflex response:

A

Grade 0

83
Q

Name this test of cerebellar function:

A

Rapid alternating movements

84
Q

Name for when the patient pats their knees with both hands, lifts up, turns hands over, and pats the knees with the back of the hands:

A

Rapid alternating movements

85
Q

Name for when the patient touches their thumb to each finger on the same hand, starting with the index finger & then reversing directions:

A

Finger to thumb touch

86
Q

Name for when the patient has their eyes open, while using their index finger to touch your finger and then their own nose:

A

Finger-nose-finger test

87
Q

Name of the test for lower-extremity coordination, where the patient is in a supine position. The RN then asks the patient to position the heel on the opposite knee and run it down the shin from the knee to the ankle:

A

Heel-to-shin test

88
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A

Health Assessment (42 decks)

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