Chapter 24: Memory Systems Flashcards
What is memory?
The retention of learned information.
What is the declarative memory?
Memory for facts and events.
What is the nondeclarative memory? Give an example.
For example procedural memory or memory for skills, habits and behaviors Nondeclarative is often called implicit memory
What is Synesthesia?
Sensory stimuli evoke sensations usually associated with different stimuli.
Describe the two possible way by which sensory information can become a long-term memory.
[Bild] Memory consolidation does not necessarily require the short-term memory the two form might exist in parallel
What is the working memory?
It is a temporary form of information storage that is limited in capcity and requires rehearsal Normal digit span 7+-2
What is a dissociated amnesia?
Amnesia that is not accompined by any other cognitive deficit.
Following trauma to the brain, memory loss can manifest itself in which two ways?
Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia
What does the following picture show?
Retrograde amnesia.
Here events for a period of time before the trauma are forgotten, but memories from the distant past and the period after the trauma are intact.
What does the following picture show?
Anterograde Amnesie.
Here events before the trauma can be remebered, but there are no memories for the period following the trauma
What is a transient global amnesia? How is it charactarized?
A form of amnesia that involves a mich shorter period of time.
A sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that lasts only for a period of minutes to days often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events preceding tha attack
Working memory > digit span is normal
Person disorientated
What is the name of the physical representation or location of a memory?
Engram also known as memory trace.
What is a cell assembly (Hebb)?
A group of simoultaneously active neurons that are activated by an external stimulus.
A study in macaque monkeys showed that inferotemporal cortex is both a visual area and an area involved in memory storage. Describe how one can come to this conclusion.
Monkey performed visual discimination task.
Lesion was made in inferotemporal cortex IT.
With this lesion monkeys could no longer perform discrimination task altough their basic visual capacities stayed intact.
Name two findings that suggest that the temporal lobes are important for memory.
Klüver Bucy Syndrome > removing temoral lobes Y monkeys cannot recognize object
H.M. retrograde amnesia and severe anterograde amnesia
Which kind of memory does not function anymore in H.M.?
Declarative component
Name the information flow through the medial temporal lobe.
Cortical association areas > Parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas > Hippocampus > Fornix > Thalamus, Hypothalamus
What is delayed non-match to sample? What is the memory called that is required in this experiment?
Task in which a monkey has to displace a new (non-mathcing object) in order to get food reward.
Recognition memory.
Relating the DNMS-Task what does the following graph show and implicate?
It shows the percentage of right choices made by the monkey (y-axis) as a function of of the length of the delay interval.
In monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lesions is close to normal if the delay between the sample stimulus and the two test stimuli was short (few seconds). This is important because it indicates that the perception was still in tact after the lesion and it still rememdered the DNMS procedure.
With increasing delay the monkey made more and more errors.It was not as good at remembering what the sample stimulus was.
Note: lesion was not modality specific
As with H.M. the amnesia here is antergrograde and involved declarative rather than procedural memory, working memory was in tact and consolidation was severely impaired.
The most severe memory deficits result from damge to the….?
perirhinal cortex
What is outside the tempral lobe the region most associated with memory and amnesia?
Diencephalon
What are the characteristics of Korsakoffs syndrome?
Confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment and apathy.
Involves anterograde and retrodrade amnesia
What is a neuron’s place field?
The location which evokes the greatest response of neuron
What is the basic idea of a relational memory?
Highly processed sensory information come intro the hippocampus and nearby cortex and memories are formed in a manner that links all the things happening at the time.
What elements of the basal ganglia make aup the striatum?
caudate nucleus and the putamen
Which part of the brain is believend to be important for precedural memory?
Striatum
Procedural memory is part of the nondeclarative memory and involves skills and habits. Which brain are is associated with it?
Striatum
Conditionied emotional responses are part of which type of memory?
Nondeclarative memory
Memorie that last for seconds to hours and are vulnerable to disruption are called?
short-term memories
Short-term memory can be erased by head trauma and electrocunvulsive shock. But the same treatments do not effect …..?
long-term meories like childhood memories
memories are formed via process called?
memory consolidation
Describe two forms of memory consolidation.
a) Information my be consolidated from short-term memory
Sensory information > Short-term memory > Consolidation > Long-term memory
b) Alternatively information processing necessary for consolidation may occur seperately from short-term memory
When Paul tells me his basketball stats I can retain the Information for a short period of time by repeating. Which memory is used here?
Working memory
What was found in Lasheys studies of Maze learning rats?
Rats given lesion before the maze had diffuclty learning.
Rat given lesion which have already learned the maze were making more mistakes
Both deficit of learning and remembering was correlated with the size of the lesion but seemed to be unrelated to the location of lesion in the cortex
Describe an experiment that supports Hebbs view that the brain can use cortical areas for both the processing of sensory information and the storage for memories.
Monkeys: Individual infrotemporal cortex neuron is recorded when monkey was shown new faces.
First response to alle faces is moderately but then after more exposure the cell selektively is more responsive to one face over the other
Describe distributed memory.
Information is stored in three synpases rather than just one so activation to a certain stimulus would never be zero if for example one cell dies.
What were effect of hippocampal lesions in rats in relation to the radial arm maze?
b)What were result when only certain arms always contained the food?
hippocampal lesion before the rat was placed in the maze resultet in:
very ineffient behavior. taking paths more than once never goinf down paths where food was placed.
b) Rats could learn to avoid the arms never containing food, they still had dificulty rmembering which they had entered to get food (require working memory)
What is the Morris water maze? What were results?
Test of spatial memory in rats.
Rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions never figured out how it worked
Increased brain acitvity associated with spatial navigation was observed …?
in the right hippocampus and left tail of thecaudate
Two elements of the basal ganglia are important for the putamen and the caudate nuceus and together they are called the …?
striatum
Name results of the experiment with parkinsons patients and amnesia patients.
Parkinsons: difficulty learning procedural
Amnesia: difficulty with declarative learning
What did a study with monkeys performing the delayed-response task show regarding the frontal lobe?
Frontal lobe is important for learning and memory.
Lesion ins frontal lobe caused the monkey to make more mistakes with increasing delay
What did the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test show regarding people with lesions in the frontal cortex?
Working memory seems to be impaired. These people cannot used recent information to change their behavior.
Name an experiment that showed that neuron of the prefrontal cortex might be involved in working memory.
Delayed resonse task . There was a neuron that responded strongest when there was no visual stimuli
With which task could be demonstrated that some neurons of the lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) are involved in working memory?
delayed-sacced task
