Chapter 24: Memory Systems Flashcards
What is memory?
The retention of learned information.
What is the declarative memory?
Memory for facts and events.
What is the nondeclarative memory? Give an example.
For example procedural memory or memory for skills, habits and behaviors Nondeclarative is often called implicit memory
What is Synesthesia?
Sensory stimuli evoke sensations usually associated with different stimuli.
Describe the two possible way by which sensory information can become a long-term memory.
[Bild] Memory consolidation does not necessarily require the short-term memory the two form might exist in parallel
What is the working memory?
It is a temporary form of information storage that is limited in capcity and requires rehearsal Normal digit span 7+-2
What is a dissociated amnesia?
Amnesia that is not accompined by any other cognitive deficit.
Following trauma to the brain, memory loss can manifest itself in which two ways?
Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia
What does the following picture show?
Retrograde amnesia.
Here events for a period of time before the trauma are forgotten, but memories from the distant past and the period after the trauma are intact.
What does the following picture show?
Anterograde Amnesie.
Here events before the trauma can be remebered, but there are no memories for the period following the trauma
What is a transient global amnesia? How is it charactarized?
A form of amnesia that involves a mich shorter period of time.
A sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that lasts only for a period of minutes to days often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events preceding tha attack
Working memory > digit span is normal
Person disorientated
What is the name of the physical representation or location of a memory?
Engram also known as memory trace.
What is a cell assembly (Hebb)?
A group of simoultaneously active neurons that are activated by an external stimulus.
A study in macaque monkeys showed that inferotemporal cortex is both a visual area and an area involved in memory storage. Describe how one can come to this conclusion.
Monkey performed visual discimination task.
Lesion was made in inferotemporal cortex IT.
With this lesion monkeys could no longer perform discrimination task altough their basic visual capacities stayed intact.
Name two findings that suggest that the temporal lobes are important for memory.
Klüver Bucy Syndrome > removing temoral lobes Y monkeys cannot recognize object
H.M. retrograde amnesia and severe anterograde amnesia
Which kind of memory does not function anymore in H.M.?
Declarative component
Name the information flow through the medial temporal lobe.
Cortical association areas > Parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas > Hippocampus > Fornix > Thalamus, Hypothalamus
What is delayed non-match to sample? What is the memory called that is required in this experiment?
Task in which a monkey has to displace a new (non-mathcing object) in order to get food reward.
Recognition memory.
Relating the DNMS-Task what does the following graph show and implicate?
It shows the percentage of right choices made by the monkey (y-axis) as a function of of the length of the delay interval.
In monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lesions is close to normal if the delay between the sample stimulus and the two test stimuli was short (few seconds). This is important because it indicates that the perception was still in tact after the lesion and it still rememdered the DNMS procedure.
With increasing delay the monkey made more and more errors.It was not as good at remembering what the sample stimulus was.
Note: lesion was not modality specific
As with H.M. the amnesia here is antergrograde and involved declarative rather than procedural memory, working memory was in tact and consolidation was severely impaired.
