Chapter 16: Motivation Flashcards
What is the state called when blood is filled with nutrients?
Prandial state.
In which two forms is energy stored during the prandial state?
Glycogen and Triglycerides.
The assembly of macromolecules such as glycogen and triglycerides from simple precursors is called….?
Anabolism or anabolic metabolism
What is the fasting condition between two meals called?
Postabsorptive State.
The process of breaking down complex macromolecules is called….?
Catabolism or catabolic metabolism.
All cells can use……. to get energy but neurons only can use….. to get energy.
Glucose, Fatty acids, Ketones.
Neurons can only use Glucose.
What does the lipostatic hypothesis say?
Brain monitors the amount of body fat and acts to defend this energy store against perturbations.
Which cells release leptin and with what does this hormone communicate to regulate what?
Adipocytes (fat cells) release leptin which regulates the body mass by acting on neurons in the hypothalamus that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure.
What is the probem with ob/ob mice?
They lack the gene responsible to generate leptin. Because of this lack of leptin their brain is fooled into thinking that fat reserves are low thus they are motivated to overeat.
What is the lateral hypothalamic syndrome?
Anorexia caused by a damage to the lateral hypothalamus.
What is the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome?
Overeating and obesity caused by lesions to the ventromedial hypithalamus.
To receptors of which part of the Hypothalamus does leptin go? What happens next?
Adipocytes release leptin which travels to receptors of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Then arcuate neurons are activatet they posess aMSH and CART.
What is the humoral response of the body to high leptin levels or excessive adiposity?
The two piutitary hormones thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH and adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH are increasingly secretet. They act on the Thyroid glands and the adrenal glands and have the effect of raising the metabolic rate of cells throughout the body.
What is the visceromotor response to high leptin levels?
The visceromotor response increases the tone of the sympathetic division of the ANS which also raises metabolic rate in part by raising body temperature.
The humoral response to high leptin levels is triggered by neurons of which part of the hypothalamus?
Paraventricular neucleus which in turn causes the release of hypophysiotropic hormones that regulate the secretion of TSH and ACTH
What does the injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated-transcript into the brain cause and what are they called to be because of that?
The injection of aMSH and CART into the brain mimics the response to elevated leptin levels. So they are called anorectic peptides because they diminish appetite.
What happens if one takes drugs that inhibit the action of aMSH and CART?
Increase of feeding behavior.
When the leptin levels are low another typ of neurons are activated in the arcuate nucleus. Which peptides do they release and what do they cause?
NPY and AgRP inhibit the secretion of TSH and ACTH. They activate the parasympathetic division of the ANS and stimulate feeding behavior. They are calle orexigenic peptides.
What are AgRP and aMSh to each other?
They are antagonistic. Both bind to the MC4 Receptor.
