Chapter 18: Brain Mechanisms of Emotion

Question 1

What says the James-Lange theory?

Answer 1

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body.

Question 2

What is the concept of unconscious emotion?

Answer 2

Even tough people arn’t perceptually aware of an emotional expression it still influences them.

Question 3

How does the Papez Circuit work?

Answer 3

In the Papez circuit the Hypothalamus governs the behavioral expression of Emotion. The Hypothalamus and Neocortex can influence each other , thus linking expression and experience of emotion.
Because the communication between the cortex and the hypothalamus is bidirectional means that the Papez circuit is compatible with both the James-lange Theory and Cannon-Bard theory of Emotion.

Question 4

How did Broca define the limbix lobe?

Answer 4

The limbic lobe consists of the cortex around the corpus callosum mainly the cingulate gyrus an the cortex on the medial surface of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus.

Question 5

What is the Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 5

Klüver and Bucy performed bilateral removal of the temproal lobes or temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys.
These monkeys then had:
good visual perception but poor visual recognition
Had to put obejcts in their mout to identify them (food or not)
Dramatically decrease of fear and aggression
Decrease i n vocalizations and facial expressions usually associated with fear.
So both the normal expression and experience of fear and aggression were severely decreased
Hypersexuality
In People flattended emotion

Question 6

The distrcution of which brain area is most likely to be responsible for flattening in Emotion observed in the Klüver-Bucy Syndrome?

Answer 6

Amygdala

Question 7

Which two major pathways connect the amygdala with the hippocampus?

Answer 7

The ventral Amgdalofugal pathway and the stria terminalis

Question 8

The Amygdala is a complex of nuclei that are usually divided into three subgroups which are…?

Answer 8

Basolateral nuclei
Corticomedial nuclei
Central Nucleus

Question 9

The Basolateral nuclei recieves what kind of sensory input?

Answer 9

Visual
Auditory
Gustatory
and Tactile Afferents

Question 10

The Corticomedial nuclei recieves what kind of input?

Answer 10

Recieves oflactory afferents

Question 11

Afferent to the Amygdala comes from a large variety of sources including….?

Answer 11

Neocortex of all lobes

hippocampal and cungulate gyri

Question 12

What does bilateral amygdalectomy do to animals…give examples.

Answer 12

Profoundly reduces fear and aggression.
Rat will approach Cats
Wid lynx will become as docile as a hous cat

Question 13

The most commonly reported symptom of lesionss including the amygdala in humans is…?

Answer 13

the inability to recognize fear and facial expressions.

Question 14

A 30 year old woman known as S.M. had the Urbach-Wiehte desease. What was her symptom?

Answer 14

Difficulty to recognize certain emotions.

She could not recognize fear.

Question 15

What happens if you electrially stimulate the Amygdala of a healthy person?

Answer 15

The person will experience fear and anxiety

Question 16

Depending on the site, stimulation of the amygdala causes…?

Answer 16

Higher vigilance and attention

Question 17

What could Breiter et al. show in his fMRI Study of the Amygdala?

Answer 17

Amygdala activation only appeared to be evident when fearful faces were shown to the subjects.
Happy Faces did not activate the amygdala.

Question 18

What could Bruce Kapp show in his experiment with Rabbits (they were conditioned to associate a certain sound to a electrical shock)? In Addition to that what did LeDoux prove related to this?

Answer 18

After conditionion the rabbits showed visceral response > increased heart rate to the sound associated to pain. Also the central nucleus of the amygdala responed to the shock-related sound.
LeDoux shoed that after this type of fear conditioning that amygdala lesions eliminate the learned visceral responses such as the increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 19

Name the stages in a proposed neural circuit for learned fear.

Answer 19

Emotional Stimulus reaches the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala by way from the auditory cortex and the signal is ralayed to the central nucleus.
Efferents from the Amygdala project to the brain stem Periaqueductal gray matter causing behavioral reaction, and to the hypothalamus causing autonomic response and to the Cerebral Cortex resulting in emotional experience

Question 20

Electrical stimualtion of the amygdala can produce a state of….?

Answer 20

Agitation of affective aggression

Question 21

What did Karl Pribram show?

Answer 21

Amygdala is important for the aggression normally involved in maintaining a position in the social hierachry

Question 22

Frontal lobotomy can be performed with little decrease in IQ or loss of memory but it has other profound effect…which are?

Answer 22

Blunting of emotional response
los of the emotional component of thoughts
lobotomized patients often developed inappropiate behavior or an apparent lowering of moral standards

Question 23

Name two structures beyond the amygdala that were shown to have effects on aggression

Answer 23

Hypothalamus and midbrain periaaqueductal gray matter

Question 24

If the cerebral hemispheres are removed and the hypothalamus is left intact…what does result?

Answer 24

Sham rage

Question 25

A similar behavior to sham rage results if the cerebral cortex is removed and the….?

Answer 25

Anterior Hypothalamus

Question 26

If the cerebral hemispheres the anterior and the posterior Hypothalamus are removed what does not result and what does this show?

Answer 26

Sham rage does not result indicating that the posterior Hypothalamus may be important for the expression of anger and aggression and that it is normally inhibited by the telencephalon

Question 27

There are two major pathways by which the hypothalamus sends signals involving autonomic function to the brain stem…they are called?

Answer 27

medial forebrain bundle

dorsal longitudinal fascuculus

Question 28

Electrical Stimualtion of the Periaqueductal gray matter PAG can produce ?

Answer 28

Affective Aggression

Question 29

A decrease in serotonin tunrover in mice is related to what behavior?

Answer 29

Aggressive Behavior

Question 30

Compare the James-Lange Theory of emotion and the Cannon-Bard Thery of emotion.

Answer 30

In the James Lange T. one recieves a stimulus and reacts, as a consequence of the body response one experiences the emotion.

In Cannon-bard t. the stimulus causes a emotional experience followed by a bodily reaction