Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biologische Psychologie > Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How many autosomes are there and how many sex chromosomes?

A

44 autosomes

2 sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the gender of a human determined?

A

Gender is determined by the X or Y contribution of the father.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is SRY?

A

It is a gene on the Y-Chromosome called: sex-determining region of the Y-Chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does SRY code?

A

It codes for a protein called testis-determinig factor (TDF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which two key structures do the uncomitted gonads possess?

A

Müllerian duct and thee Wolffian duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If the fetus has a Y chromosome and an SRY gene, testosterone is produced. Which duct develops into the male internal reproductive system?

A

Wolffian Duct.

The Müllerian Duct is prevented from developing by a hormone called Müllerian-inhibiting factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which endocrine glands release sex hormones, which is regulated by the pituitary?

A

The ovaries and the testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are male hormones called, what are female hormones called?

A

Androgens

Estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Testosterone is turned into estardiol by an enzyme called?

A

Aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

An increase of testosterone is correlated with…?

A

Social challanges, anger and conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name two gonadotropins.

A

Luteinizing hormone LH

Follice-stimulating hormone FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH do?

A

It is a hormone released by the hypothalamus and causes the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is GnRH often referred to as LHRH?

A

LHRH for Leteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, because it causes much greater increase in LH than FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In males, Luteinizing hormone stimulates the testes to produce….?; And Follicle-stimulating hormone is involved in the……?

A

LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

FSH is involved in the maturation of sperm cells within the testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is it possible that psychological factors can decrease male fertility by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion and sperm production?

A

Because the hypothalamus get cortical input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does LH and FSH cause in females?

A

LH and FSH causes the secretion of estrogens from the ovaries.

17
Q

In the absence of gonadotropins, the ovararies are…?

A

Inactive which is the case during childhood.

18
Q

The timing and duration of of LH and FSH secretion determine the nature of the….?

A

Menstrual Cycle / Reproductive Cycle.

19
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

LH but especially FSH have an effect of increasing the growth of a small number of follicles, these enclose and maintain the ova (egg cells)

20
Q

Name the full sexual response cycle.

A

arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution

21
Q

Engorgement and erection are controlled primarly by…?

A

Axons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Within the sacral spinal cord, the parasympathetic neurons can be excited by either mechanosensory activity from the genitals or by axons descending from the brain.

22
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra) works by enhancing the effects of…?

A

Nitric Oxide

23
Q

Name two examples of Polgamy.

A

Polygyny, Polyandry

24
Q

What is meant by the term sexual dimorphism?

A

Differences between male and female because of the sex.

25
Q

What is the motor neuron pool called that controlls the Bulbocavernosus (muscles sorrounding the base of the penis and the opening of the vagina)?

A

Onuf’s Nucleus (is a bit dimorphic)

26
Q

Which steroid triggers the mascunalization of the developing nervous system?

A

Estrogen binding to estradiol receptors

27
Q

What did McCarthy and Amateau find regarding fetal and neonatal rats that were exposed to COX(cycoloxygenase) inhibitors.

A

Males showed reduced copulatory behavior as adults.

Female ratsexhibited male-like copulatory behaviors

28
Q

Give an example of organizational effects of a steroid and an activational effect of a steroid.

A

Testosterone: Organizational effects of the hormone is to alter very young genitals and brain circuitry, leading to distinctly male genitals and masculine behaviors later in life
Activational Effects occur later, the hormone has to circulate again for example during sexual activity providung activational effects on the nervous system, for example when the testosterone level rises in the body of a male songbird

29
Q

During lactation the representation of the ventral skin in femal rats expands. This is an example for….?

A

somatosenry map plasticity

30
Q

What did Toran-Allerand find?

A

Estradiol treatment of tissue from hypothalamus of newborn mice causes a great degree of neurite outgrowth.

31
Q

Estradiol seems to important for…?

A

Forming neuronal circuitry during brain development.

32
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mates with many males but that male mates only with one female

33
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Male mates with many females but the female only with one male

34
Q

What does the male prairie vole prevent from bonding to the female vole?

A

Vasopressin antagonists given before mating.

35
Q

In prairie voles: vasopressin is important for the …. to form a bond and oxytocin is important for the …. to form a bond

A

vasopressin: male
oxytocin: female

36
Q

Name three examples for sexual dimorphisms of the central nervous system

A

Onufs nucleus
sexually dimorphic nucles (in rats)
Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (controversial)

37
Q

Name two sexual dimorphisms of cognition.

A

Women better at verbal tasks

Men better at spatial rotation task

38
Q

Name two general ways by which steroids can influence neurons

A

Directly influence: affect transmitter synthesis, transmitter release or postsynaptic transmitter receptors

Indirectly influence: Gene transcrption

Biologische Psychologie (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions