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Neurobiology > Chapter 24: Memory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Memory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Declarative vs nondeclarative:

A

D– facts and events

N– procedural memory is the main type; skills, habits, and behaviors

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2
Q

Nondeclarative memory subtypes:

A
  1. procedural memory– skills habits (striatum)
  2. classical conditioning
    2a. skeletal musculature (cerebellum)
    2b. emotional responses (amygdala)
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3
Q

[…] is a temporary form of storage that is limited in capacity and requires rehearsal.

A

working memory

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4
Q

Amnesia:

A

loss of memory and/or ability to learn

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5
Q

What are some diseases or injuries that can cause amnesia?

A
  1. concussion
  2. chronic alcoholism
  3. encephalitis
  4. brain tumor
  5. stroke
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6
Q

Dissociated amnesia:

A

amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficients

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7
Q

Following trauma to the brain, memory loss can manifest itself in what two ways?

A
  1. retrograde amnesia

2. anterograde amnesia

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8
Q

Retrograde amnesia:

A

memory loss for events before the trauma

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9
Q

Anterograde amnesia:

A

inability to form new memories following brain trauma

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10
Q

In clinical cases of amnesia which type is more prevalent?

A

actually a mixture of the two (retrograde and anterograde)

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11
Q

Transient global amnesia (3):

A
  1. shorter period of time; few minutes or few days
  2. sudden onset of anterograde and often accompanied by retrograde amnesia
  3. left with a permanent memory gap
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12
Q

What are some of the causes to transient global amnesia –besides trauma/toxins/diseases (5)? Why?

A
  1. seizures
  2. physical stress
  3. drugs
  4. cold showers
  5. sex

anything that reduces blood supply to the brain (cerebral ischemia)

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13
Q

Engram is also known as […].

A

memory trace

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14
Q

Engram:

A

physical representation or location of memory

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15
Q

Cortical lesions on memory performance:

The experiments ran on mice completing a maze led to discovering what things about size and location of lesions?

A
  1. SIZE correlated with severity of deficits
  2. LOCATION
    all cortical regions are involved in learning the maze

lesions might change the reliance on another sensory system to solve the task

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16
Q

Cell assembly:

A

simultaneous excitation of internal cells by an external stimulus (serve for sensory and memory)

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17
Q

After monkeys are trained to perform visual discrimination, what occurs when a lesion is made in the inferotemporal cortex? Why?

A

WHAT: no longer able to perform task

WHY: IT both a visual area and involved in memory storage

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18
Q

Recordings made from IT neurons suggest that this region may encode memories of […].

A

faces

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19
Q

Bird experts and car experts view pictures of both birds and cars which activates […].

A

areas of extrastriate visual cortex

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20
Q

What may be the site of long-term memory storage?

A

temporal neocortex

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21
Q

What is the effect of a temporal lobectomy on memory?

A

“psychic blindness” object recognition related to memory function

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22
Q

HM case study:

A

epileptic patient who underwent surgery that resulted in severe anterograde amnesia

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23
Q

Important regions of the medial temporal lobe associated with formation of declarative memories

A
  1. entorhinal cortex
  2. perirhinal cortex
  3. parahippocampal cortex
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24
Q

Inputs to the medial temporal lobe come from the […], containing […] information from […] sensory modalities.

A

association areas of the cerebral cortex; highly processed; all

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25
Q

List pathway of information flow through the medial temporal lobe:

A

cortical association areas — parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas — hippocampus — [fornix] — thalamus, hypothalamus

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26
Q

If there is severe damage to the medial temporal lobe what can occur?

A

severe anterograde amnesia

27
Q

Delayed non-match to sample (DNMS):

A

sample stimulus (placing shape in well for reward)

delay interval

old object as well as displace the new object (displacement of both non-matching/matching object to get reward)

28
Q

What type of memory is required for DNMS?

A

recognition memory

** it involves the ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before

29
Q

If a DNMS test subject had bilateral medial temporal lesions could they learn? Why or why not?

A

yes only if the delay interval was a few seconds

subjects experience anterograde amnesia so declarative memory and consolidation are impaired

30
Q

RB case:

A

bilateral HPC damage that resulted in anterograde amnesia (not as severe as HM case)

31
Q

The most severe memory deficits result from damage to the […] cortex.

A

perirhinal

32
Q

T/F: Anterograde amnesia resulting from perirhinal damage is specific to information from a particular sensory modality.

A

false; there is a convergence of input from association cortex of multiple sensory systems

33
Q

Medial temporal structures are critical for the […] of memory.

A

consolidation

34
Q

What are the three regions of the diencephalon in the processing of recognition memory?

A
  1. anterior nuclei (thalamus)
  2. dorsomedial nuclei (thalamus)
  3. mamillary bodies (HPT)
35
Q

HPC output is through a bundle known as the […]. Most of these axons project to the […]. These neurons project out to the […] of the thalamus.

A

fornix; mamillary bodies; anterior nucleus

36
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus of the […] also receives input from […] lobe structures, including the [….] and […] neocortex. And it projects to virtually all of the […] cortex.

A

thalamus; temporal; amygdala; inferotemporal; frontal

37
Q

Large midline thalamic lesions in monkeys produce relatively severe deficits on the DNMS task. Why?

A
  1. lesions damage anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus
  2. produces retrograde degeneration in mammillary bodies
38
Q

NA case:

A

lesion in left dorsomedial thalamus that led to severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (2 years preceding incident)

39
Q

Based on the NA and HM case what can be concluded for memory consolidation?

A

both medial temporal and diencephalic regions are interconnected and serve for memory consolidation

40
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome (2):

A
  1. brain damage typically in the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies
  2. characterized by confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy
41
Q

What type of amnesia can occur due to Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

anterograde as well as severe retrograde amnesia

42
Q

Important role of medial temporal lobes:

A

declarative memory processing or consolidation

43
Q

The hippocampus is involved in diverse memory functions in addition to… (3)

A
  1. declarative memory formation
  2. spatial/location memory
  3. working memory
44
Q

What demonstration shows the role of the hippocampus?

A

radial arm maze and Morris water maze

45
Q

Place cells:

A

location memory

cells respond at a particular location/field based on visual stimuli and navigation

46
Q

Hippocampal activation occurs in a task of […]. Caudate activation is thought to reflect […].

A

spatial navigation; movement planning

47
Q

How is the working memory impaired by HPC damage?

A

rats were able to avoid arms with no food but still not remember which arms they had recently visited

48
Q

Relational memory:

A

highly processed sensory information comes into the HPC and memories are formed in a manner that links all the things happening at the time

49
Q

Nondeclarative memory is the involvement of the […].

A

striatum

50
Q

[…] + […] = striatum

A

caudate nucleus; putamen

51
Q

Standard radial arm maze performance depends on the […].

Modified radial arm maze performance depends on the […].

A

declarative memory; procedural memory

52
Q

Procedural memory occurs in two categories of learning:

A
  1. non associative learning

2. associative learning

53
Q

What are the types of non associative learning?

A
  1. habituation: learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
  2. sensitization: form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little or no reaction
54
Q

Associative learning:

A

behavior altered by formation of associations between events

55
Q

Types of associative learning:

A
  1. classic conditioning

2. instrumental conditioning

56
Q

Classical conditioning:

A

pairing of a US with a CS

57
Q

Instrumental conditioning:

A

associate a response with a meaningful stimulus

58
Q

How long is the temporary storage of the working memory?

A

seconds

59
Q

Memory consolidation:

A

process of converting STM to LTM

60
Q

List all types of amnesia:

Which one is common, which is rare?

A
  1. dissociated amnesia (rare)
  2. limited amnesia (common)
  3. retrograde amnesia
  4. anterograde amnesia
  5. transient global amnesia
61
Q

Function of the prefrontal cortex:

A
  1. self-awareness

2. capacity for planning and problem solving

62
Q

What test can demonstrate problems associated with prefrontal cortical damage?

A

Wisconsin card-sorting test

63
Q

Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP):

Stimulation of this area would cause…

A

involved in guiding eye movements

saccades

Neurobiology (12 decks)

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