Chapter 24: Memory Systems Flashcards
Declarative vs nondeclarative:
D– facts and events
N– procedural memory is the main type; skills, habits, and behaviors
Nondeclarative memory subtypes:
- procedural memory– skills habits (striatum)
- classical conditioning
2a. skeletal musculature (cerebellum)
2b. emotional responses (amygdala)
[…] is a temporary form of storage that is limited in capacity and requires rehearsal.
working memory
Amnesia:
loss of memory and/or ability to learn
What are some diseases or injuries that can cause amnesia?
- concussion
- chronic alcoholism
- encephalitis
- brain tumor
- stroke
Dissociated amnesia:
amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficients
Following trauma to the brain, memory loss can manifest itself in what two ways?
- retrograde amnesia
2. anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia:
memory loss for events before the trauma
Anterograde amnesia:
inability to form new memories following brain trauma
In clinical cases of amnesia which type is more prevalent?
actually a mixture of the two (retrograde and anterograde)
Transient global amnesia (3):
- shorter period of time; few minutes or few days
- sudden onset of anterograde and often accompanied by retrograde amnesia
- left with a permanent memory gap
What are some of the causes to transient global amnesia –besides trauma/toxins/diseases (5)? Why?
- seizures
- physical stress
- drugs
- cold showers
- sex
anything that reduces blood supply to the brain (cerebral ischemia)
Engram is also known as […].
memory trace
Engram:
physical representation or location of memory
Cortical lesions on memory performance:
The experiments ran on mice completing a maze led to discovering what things about size and location of lesions?
- SIZE correlated with severity of deficits
- LOCATION
all cortical regions are involved in learning the maze
lesions might change the reliance on another sensory system to solve the task
Cell assembly:
simultaneous excitation of internal cells by an external stimulus (serve for sensory and memory)
After monkeys are trained to perform visual discrimination, what occurs when a lesion is made in the inferotemporal cortex? Why?
WHAT: no longer able to perform task
WHY: IT both a visual area and involved in memory storage
Recordings made from IT neurons suggest that this region may encode memories of […].
faces
Bird experts and car experts view pictures of both birds and cars which activates […].
areas of extrastriate visual cortex
What may be the site of long-term memory storage?
temporal neocortex
What is the effect of a temporal lobectomy on memory?
“psychic blindness” object recognition related to memory function
HM case study:
epileptic patient who underwent surgery that resulted in severe anterograde amnesia
Important regions of the medial temporal lobe associated with formation of declarative memories
- entorhinal cortex
- perirhinal cortex
- parahippocampal cortex
Inputs to the medial temporal lobe come from the […], containing […] information from […] sensory modalities.
association areas of the cerebral cortex; highly processed; all
List pathway of information flow through the medial temporal lobe:
cortical association areas — parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas — hippocampus — [fornix] — thalamus, hypothalamus
If there is severe damage to the medial temporal lobe what can occur?
severe anterograde amnesia
Delayed non-match to sample (DNMS):
sample stimulus (placing shape in well for reward)
delay interval
old object as well as displace the new object (displacement of both non-matching/matching object to get reward)
What type of memory is required for DNMS?
recognition memory
** it involves the ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before
If a DNMS test subject had bilateral medial temporal lesions could they learn? Why or why not?
yes only if the delay interval was a few seconds
subjects experience anterograde amnesia so declarative memory and consolidation are impaired
RB case:
bilateral HPC damage that resulted in anterograde amnesia (not as severe as HM case)
The most severe memory deficits result from damage to the […] cortex.
perirhinal
T/F: Anterograde amnesia resulting from perirhinal damage is specific to information from a particular sensory modality.
false; there is a convergence of input from association cortex of multiple sensory systems
Medial temporal structures are critical for the […] of memory.
consolidation
What are the three regions of the diencephalon in the processing of recognition memory?
- anterior nuclei (thalamus)
- dorsomedial nuclei (thalamus)
- mamillary bodies (HPT)
HPC output is through a bundle known as the […]. Most of these axons project to the […]. These neurons project out to the […] of the thalamus.
fornix; mamillary bodies; anterior nucleus
The dorsomedial nucleus of the […] also receives input from […] lobe structures, including the [….] and […] neocortex. And it projects to virtually all of the […] cortex.
thalamus; temporal; amygdala; inferotemporal; frontal
Large midline thalamic lesions in monkeys produce relatively severe deficits on the DNMS task. Why?
- lesions damage anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus
- produces retrograde degeneration in mammillary bodies
NA case:
lesion in left dorsomedial thalamus that led to severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (2 years preceding incident)
Based on the NA and HM case what can be concluded for memory consolidation?
both medial temporal and diencephalic regions are interconnected and serve for memory consolidation
Korsakoff’s syndrome (2):
- brain damage typically in the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies
- characterized by confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy
What type of amnesia can occur due to Korsakoff’s syndrome?
anterograde as well as severe retrograde amnesia
Important role of medial temporal lobes:
declarative memory processing or consolidation
The hippocampus is involved in diverse memory functions in addition to… (3)
- declarative memory formation
- spatial/location memory
- working memory
What demonstration shows the role of the hippocampus?
radial arm maze and Morris water maze
Place cells:
location memory
cells respond at a particular location/field based on visual stimuli and navigation
Hippocampal activation occurs in a task of […]. Caudate activation is thought to reflect […].
spatial navigation; movement planning
How is the working memory impaired by HPC damage?
rats were able to avoid arms with no food but still not remember which arms they had recently visited
Relational memory:
highly processed sensory information comes into the HPC and memories are formed in a manner that links all the things happening at the time
Nondeclarative memory is the involvement of the […].
striatum
[…] + […] = striatum
caudate nucleus; putamen
Standard radial arm maze performance depends on the […].
Modified radial arm maze performance depends on the […].
declarative memory; procedural memory
Procedural memory occurs in two categories of learning:
- non associative learning
2. associative learning
What are the types of non associative learning?
- habituation: learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
- sensitization: form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even ones that previously evoked little or no reaction
Associative learning:
behavior altered by formation of associations between events
Types of associative learning:
- classic conditioning
2. instrumental conditioning
Classical conditioning:
pairing of a US with a CS
Instrumental conditioning:
associate a response with a meaningful stimulus
How long is the temporary storage of the working memory?
seconds
Memory consolidation:
process of converting STM to LTM
List all types of amnesia:
Which one is common, which is rare?
- dissociated amnesia (rare)
- limited amnesia (common)
- retrograde amnesia
- anterograde amnesia
- transient global amnesia
Function of the prefrontal cortex:
- self-awareness
2. capacity for planning and problem solving
What test can demonstrate problems associated with prefrontal cortical damage?
Wisconsin card-sorting test
Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP):
Stimulation of this area would cause…
involved in guiding eye movements
saccades
