Chapter 18: Emotion Flashcards
What structures are involved in the processing of emotions?
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- cerebral cortex
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body
EXAMPLE:
we feel sad because we cry INSTEAD OF, we cry because we are sad
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression
How did C-B theory argue against the J-L theory?
transection of spinal cord that can induce physiological changes and sensations did not diminish emotion
Cannon’s new theory focused on the idea that the […] plays a special role in emotional sensations.
thalamus
Interoceptive awareness:
ability to become aware of and evaluate internal body signals
Unconscious emotion:
the experience or expression of emotion in the absence of conscious awareness the stimulus that evoked the emotion
For unconscious emotion, PET imaging showed…
angry faces conditioned to be unpleasant evoked greater activity in the amygdala
Limbic lobe:
HPC and cortical areas bordering the brain stem in mammals (distinct lobe according to Broca)
Papez circuit:
circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex; the emotional system
What would occur due to tumors located near the cingulate cortex?
emotional disturbances: fear, irritability, depression
Projections of the cingulate cortex would result in…
evoked emotional coloring
Bilateral removal of temporal lobes (temporal lobectomy) results in…
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome: decrease in animals’ aggressive tendencies and responses to fearful situations
- poor visual recognition (recognition memory)
- flattened emotions
What are the divisions of the amygdala?
- basolateral nuclei
- corticomedial nuclei
- central nucleus
All sensory information feeds into what part of the amygdala?
basolateral
What are the two major pathways that connect the amygdala with the hypothalamus?
- ventral amygdalofugal pathway
2. stria terminalis
Lesions of the amygdala can result in…
- flattened emotions
2. ability to recognize emotional facial recognition (fear)
What case demonstrated the inability to recognize fear due to amygdala damage?
SM case
Stimulation of the amygdala can result in…
elicit a combo of fear and violent aggression
Does the amygdala participate in memory? If so, how?
yes
this region can help in the formation of memories from emotional events
Efferent projections of the amygdala’s central nucleus:
CN — hypothalamus — change ANS
CN — periaqueductal gray matter (brain stem) — behavioral reaction
Efferent projection of the amygdala’s basolateral nuclei:
BLN — cerebral cortex — emotional experience
Predatory aggression:
- involves attacks made against a member of a different species for the purpose of obtaining food
- head/neck
Affective aggression:
- for show rather than food
- high levels of sympathetic activity
- vocalizations
Psychosurgery:
type of brain surgery to treat behavioral disorders
What other brain structures (besides amygdala) are involved in aggression? How?
- hypothalamus
- midbrain periaqueductal gray matter
partially influence behavior based on input from the amygdala
What brain transections lead to sham rage? What can reverse it?
- cerebral hemispheres are removed, and the HPT is left intact
- anterior HPT removed in addition to the cerebral cortex
REVERSAL
1. posterior HPT in addition to the anterior HPT reverses sham rage
- telencephalon lesion made larger to include diecephalon
Sham rage characteristics:
- anger by little provocation (in a situation that would not normally cause anger)
- animals would not attack as they normally might
HPT stimulation results in …
sham rage
Affective aggression is also know as […] was observed by stimulating […].
threat attack; medial HPT
Predatory aggression is also known as […] was evoked by stimulating parts of the […].
silent-biting attack; lateral HPT
What are the two major pathways by which the HPT sends signals involving autonomic function to the brain stem?
- medial forebrain bundle
2. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Axons of the lateral HPT make up part of the […] and these project to the […] in the midbrain.
medial forebrain bundle; ventral tegmental area
Stimulation of the VTA in the midbrain results in …
Lesions result in …
elicit behaviors characteristic of predatory aggression
disrupt offensive aggressive behaviors
How does the HPT influence aggressive behavior? What is the one condition that completes this?
via its effect on the VTA
won’t occur if medial forebrain is cut
The medial hypothalamus sends axon to the […] of the midbrain by the way of the […].
periaqueductal gray matter (PAG); dorsal longitudinal fasiculus
Stimulation of the PAG in the midbrain results in…
Lesions result in…
affective aggression
disrupt these behaviors
Pathway from cerebral cortex to result in aggressive behavior:
cerebral cortex — amygdala — hypothalamus — PAG/VTA — aggressive behavior
OR
cerebral cortex — amygdala — PAG/VTA — aggressive behavior
What NT might be involved in aggression? Where are these neurons located?
serotonin
neurons located in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem
In the isolation experimentation, mice who elicited aggressive behavior showed…
a decrease in serotonin turnover rate
In the hierarchy experiment, gorillas who took over the dominant position were those who ….
had more serotonergic activity (injected) making them less aggressive
Two branches that compose the ANS:
- sympathetic– “fight or flight”
2. parasympathetic– “rest and digest”
Drug […] blocks serotonin synthesis which results in a […] in aggressiveness.
PCPA; increase
Serotonergic raphe neurons project to the […] and limbic structures via the […].
HPT; medial forebrain bundle
Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function:
PREDATORY AGGRESSION
medial forebrain bundle — VTA
AFFECTIVE AGGRESSION
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus — PAG
What are some procedures that can reduce human aggression?
What is the aftermath?
- amygdalectomy
- psychosurgery
RESULTS:
- reduced aggressive behavior
- anxiety relief
- difficulty concentrating
