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Neurobiology > Chapter 18: Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are involved in the processing of emotions?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. amygdala
  3. cerebral cortex
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2
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

we experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body

EXAMPLE:
we feel sad because we cry INSTEAD OF, we cry because we are sad

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3
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression

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4
Q

How did C-B theory argue against the J-L theory?

A

transection of spinal cord that can induce physiological changes and sensations did not diminish emotion

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5
Q

Cannon’s new theory focused on the idea that the […] plays a special role in emotional sensations.

A

thalamus

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6
Q

Interoceptive awareness:

A

ability to become aware of and evaluate internal body signals

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7
Q

Unconscious emotion:

A

the experience or expression of emotion in the absence of conscious awareness the stimulus that evoked the emotion

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8
Q

For unconscious emotion, PET imaging showed…

A

angry faces conditioned to be unpleasant evoked greater activity in the amygdala

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9
Q

Limbic lobe:

A

HPC and cortical areas bordering the brain stem in mammals (distinct lobe according to Broca)

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10
Q

Papez circuit:

A

circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex; the emotional system

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11
Q

What would occur due to tumors located near the cingulate cortex?

A

emotional disturbances: fear, irritability, depression

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12
Q

Projections of the cingulate cortex would result in…

A

evoked emotional coloring

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13
Q

Bilateral removal of temporal lobes (temporal lobectomy) results in…

A
  1. Kluver-Bucy syndrome: decrease in animals’ aggressive tendencies and responses to fearful situations
  2. poor visual recognition (recognition memory)
  3. flattened emotions
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14
Q

What are the divisions of the amygdala?

A
  1. basolateral nuclei
  2. corticomedial nuclei
  3. central nucleus
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15
Q

All sensory information feeds into what part of the amygdala?

A

basolateral

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16
Q

What are the two major pathways that connect the amygdala with the hypothalamus?

A
  1. ventral amygdalofugal pathway

2. stria terminalis

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17
Q

Lesions of the amygdala can result in…

A
  1. flattened emotions

2. ability to recognize emotional facial recognition (fear)

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18
Q

What case demonstrated the inability to recognize fear due to amygdala damage?

A

SM case

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19
Q

Stimulation of the amygdala can result in…

A

elicit a combo of fear and violent aggression

20
Q

Does the amygdala participate in memory? If so, how?

A

yes

this region can help in the formation of memories from emotional events

21
Q

Efferent projections of the amygdala’s central nucleus:

A

CN — hypothalamus — change ANS

CN — periaqueductal gray matter (brain stem) — behavioral reaction

22
Q

Efferent projection of the amygdala’s basolateral nuclei:

A

BLN — cerebral cortex — emotional experience

23
Q

Predatory aggression:

A
  1. involves attacks made against a member of a different species for the purpose of obtaining food
  2. head/neck
24
Q

Affective aggression:

A
  1. for show rather than food
  2. high levels of sympathetic activity
  3. vocalizations
25
Q

Psychosurgery:

A

type of brain surgery to treat behavioral disorders

26
Q

What other brain structures (besides amygdala) are involved in aggression? How?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. midbrain periaqueductal gray matter

partially influence behavior based on input from the amygdala

27
Q

What brain transections lead to sham rage? What can reverse it?

A
  1. cerebral hemispheres are removed, and the HPT is left intact
  2. anterior HPT removed in addition to the cerebral cortex

REVERSAL
1. posterior HPT in addition to the anterior HPT reverses sham rage

  1. telencephalon lesion made larger to include diecephalon
28
Q

Sham rage characteristics:

A
  1. anger by little provocation (in a situation that would not normally cause anger)
  2. animals would not attack as they normally might
29
Q

HPT stimulation results in …

A

sham rage

30
Q

Affective aggression is also know as […] was observed by stimulating […].

A

threat attack; medial HPT

31
Q

Predatory aggression is also known as […] was evoked by stimulating parts of the […].

A

silent-biting attack; lateral HPT

32
Q

What are the two major pathways by which the HPT sends signals involving autonomic function to the brain stem?

A
  1. medial forebrain bundle

2. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

33
Q

Axons of the lateral HPT make up part of the […] and these project to the […] in the midbrain.

A

medial forebrain bundle; ventral tegmental area

34
Q

Stimulation of the VTA in the midbrain results in …

Lesions result in …

A

elicit behaviors characteristic of predatory aggression

disrupt offensive aggressive behaviors

35
Q

How does the HPT influence aggressive behavior? What is the one condition that completes this?

A

via its effect on the VTA

won’t occur if medial forebrain is cut

36
Q

The medial hypothalamus sends axon to the […] of the midbrain by the way of the […].

A

periaqueductal gray matter (PAG); dorsal longitudinal fasiculus

37
Q

Stimulation of the PAG in the midbrain results in…

Lesions result in…

A

affective aggression

disrupt these behaviors

38
Q

Pathway from cerebral cortex to result in aggressive behavior:

A

cerebral cortex — amygdala — hypothalamus — PAG/VTA — aggressive behavior

OR

cerebral cortex — amygdala — PAG/VTA — aggressive behavior

39
Q

What NT might be involved in aggression? Where are these neurons located?

A

serotonin

neurons located in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem

40
Q

In the isolation experimentation, mice who elicited aggressive behavior showed…

A

a decrease in serotonin turnover rate

41
Q

In the hierarchy experiment, gorillas who took over the dominant position were those who ….

A

had more serotonergic activity (injected) making them less aggressive

42
Q

Two branches that compose the ANS:

A
  1. sympathetic– “fight or flight”

2. parasympathetic– “rest and digest”

43
Q

Drug […] blocks serotonin synthesis which results in a […] in aggressiveness.

A

PCPA; increase

44
Q

Serotonergic raphe neurons project to the […] and limbic structures via the […].

A

HPT; medial forebrain bundle

45
Q

Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function:

A

PREDATORY AGGRESSION
medial forebrain bundle — VTA

AFFECTIVE AGGRESSION
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus — PAG

46
Q

What are some procedures that can reduce human aggression?

What is the aftermath?

A
  1. amygdalectomy
  2. psychosurgery

RESULTS:

  1. reduced aggressive behavior
  2. anxiety relief
  3. difficulty concentrating

Neurobiology (12 decks)

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