Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Audition:

A

sense of hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vestibular system:

A

sense of balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sound is audible variations of […].

Two types:

  1. […]
  2. […]
A

air pressure

compressed; rarefied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What determines pitch?

What determines loudness?

A

frequency

intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Frequency:

A

the number of compressed or rarefied patches of air that pass by our ears each second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

We perceive high-frequency waves as having […] and high-intensity waves as having […].

A

higher pitch; louder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sound wave movement within the ear:

A
  1. sound wave moves the tympanic membrane
  2. tympanic membrane moves the ossicles
  3. ossicles move the membrane at the oval window
  4. motion at the oval window moves fluid in the cochlea
  5. movement of fluid in the cochlea causes a response in sensory neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The generic sound neural response:

A
  1. signal is transferred to and processed by a series of nuclei in the brain stem
  2. output from these nuclei is sent to a relay in the thalamus, the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
  3. MGN projects to primary auditory cortex (A1) located in the temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the cochlea composed of water instead of air?

A

in order to resist movement which in turn will amplify the pressure

fluid has a greater inertia than air would

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the attenuation reflex?

When is the response greater?

A

the onset of a loud sound triggers a neural response that causes muscles to contract

lower frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the process that explains why we can hear voices in a noisy environment?

A

attenuation reflex

**it occurs while we speak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Perilymph:

A

fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ionic content like in the perilymph?

A

low K+ and high Na+

** similiar to CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endolymph:

A

extracellular fluid in the scala media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ionic content like in the endolymph?

A

high K+ and low Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which fluid in the scala (component of the cochlea) has an unusual ionic content. Explain what this creates for audition?

A

active transport is done in the endolymph as both ions are against their concentration gradients

this enhances auditory transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the electrical potential of the endolymph?

A

+80 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the auditory receptors? Where are they located?

A

hair cells

Organ of Corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Auditory receptors are called hair cells due to many […] extending from its top.

The critical event in transduction of sound into neural signal is […] of this cillia.

A

stereocilia

bending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hair cells form synapses on neurons whose cell bodies are located in the […] within the […].

These axons of the […] enter the auditory nerve; a branch of the […].

A

spiral ganglion; modiolus

SG; auditory-vestibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

SG cells are […].

A

bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When the basilar membrane moves up…

Conversely, downward motion of the basilar membrane causes…

A

the reticular lamina moves up and in toward the modiolus

causes the reticular lamina to move down and away from the modiolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Optimal orientation: As a microelectrode is advanced radially…

A

the preferred orientation remains the same for all the selective neurons from layer II down to layer VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Orientation column:

A

radial columns of neurons that share the same microelectrode orientation selectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Optimal orientation: As a microelectrode is advanced tangentially…

A

the preferred orientation progressively shifts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Orientation-selective neurons are thought to be specialized for the…

A

analysis of object shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is direction selectivity?

Which receptive field (layer) exhibits direction selectivity?

A

fields respond when a bar of light at the optimal orientation moves perpendicular to the orientation in one direction but not in the opposite direction

many VI receptive fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Direction-selective neurons are thought to be specialized for the…

A

analysis of object motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Simple cells:

A

have distinct ON and OFF regions and are orientation selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Complex cells:

A

do not have distinct ON and OFF regions instead give ON and OFF responses to stimuli throughout the receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Simple and complex cells are typically [binocular/monocular] and sensitive to […].

A

binocular; stimulus orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the properties of neurons in the interblob areas (5)?

A
  1. binocularity
  2. orientation selectivity
  3. direction selectivity
  4. both simple/complex cells
  5. not wave length sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the properties of most blob cells (3)?

Where do they receive input from?

The visual responses of blob cells most resemble what?

A
  1. wavelength sensitive
  2. monocular
  3. lack orientation selectivity and direction selectivity
  4. directly from the koniocellular layers of the LGN
  5. magnocellular and parvocellular input via layer IVC

resemble those of the koniocellular and parvocellular input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the receptive field shape of most blob neurons?

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blob channels appear to be specialized for the […].

A

analysis of object color

**receptive field of red-green blue-yellow color opponency in the center of their receptive field or double opponent cells (color-opponent center and color-opponent surround) etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Without blob channels, we might be…

A

colorblind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

List the parallel pathways:

A
  1. magnocellular pathway
  2. parvo-interblob pathway
  3. blob pathway
38
Q

Describe the magnocellular pathway:

A

Retina = M-type ganglion cells
LGN = Magnocellular
V1 = Layer IVC (alpha) — IVB
Extrastriate cortical areas

**Layer IVC can also go to blob and then towards extrastriate cortical areas

39
Q

Describe the Blob pathway:

A

Retina = nonM-nonP ganglion cells
LGN = Koniocellular
V1 = Blob
Extrastriate cortical areas

** In Layer V1, Blob cells can receive input from Layer IVC (M/P path)

40
Q

Describe the Parvo-interblob pathway:

A

Retina = P-type ganglion cells
LGN = Parvocellular
V1 = Layer IVC (beta) — Interblob regions (Layer II/III)
Extrastriate cortical areas

**Layer IVC can also go to blob and then towards extrastriate cortical areas

41
Q

Name the “best guess” of the function of each parallel pathway:

A

Magnocellular pathway is motion

Blob pathway is color

Parvo-interblob pathway is shape

42
Q

Why is the magnocellular pathway thought to be involved in the analysis of object motion and the guidance of motor actions?

A
  1. large receptive fields
  2. highest percentage of direction-selective neurons
  3. contains neurons with transient responses
43
Q

Why is the parvo-interblob pathway suggested to be involved in the analysis of fine object shape?

A
  1. neurons in this pathway have the smallest orientation-selective receptive fields
44
Q

Typical receptive fields in the blobs are […] surround and […]. They are often [binocular/monocular] and lack […].

A

center-surround and color opponent; monocular; orientation selectivity

45
Q

Why is the blob pathway suggested to be involved in the analysis of object color?

A
  1. high incidence of wavelength sensitivity
46
Q

What is contained in a 2 x 2 mm chunk of cortex (3)?

A
  1. two complete sets of ocular dominance columns
  2. 16 blobs
  3. (in between blobs) all 180 degree of possible oreintations
47
Q

Cortical module:

A

a unit of brain tissue from the visual cortex that is both necessary and sufficient to analyze the image of a point in space

48
Q

Striate cortex is called…

A

V1 for visual area one

49
Q

Why is the striate cortex called V1?

A

it is the first cortical area to receive info from the LGN

50
Q

What does the cortical dorsal stream serve for visual processing?

A

analysis of visual motion and the visual control of action

51
Q

What does the cortical ventral stream serve for visual processing?

A

perception of the visual world and the recognition of objects

52
Q

Dorsal stream neurons are most similar to […]. in V1, and ventral stream neurons are most similar to […] in V1.

A

magnocellular; combining features of parvo-interblob and blob cells

53
Q

-20 nm displacement of cillia vs 20 nm:

A 
-20 = hyperpolarization
20 = depolarization
54
Q

What channel is on the tips of the stereocilia?

What is each linked to the wall of the adjacent cilium?

A

TRPA1

tip link

55
Q

When the cilia are straight, occur the resulting tip link and ion movement:

A

T: tension that holds channels partially opened
I: K+ leakage from endolymph to hair cell

56
Q

When the cilia is displaced in opposite directions, results in the tip link and ion movement responses:

A

ONE WAY
T: tension increase
I: K+ inward current

OPPOSITE
T: tension decrease; close K+ channels
I: cease K+ current

57
Q

The entry of K+ into the hair cell causes what list of events…

A
  1. depolarization
  2. activates voltage gated Ca2+ and influx
  3. NT glutamate release
  4. activates the spiral ganglion fibers postsynaptic to the hair cell
58
Q

Outer hair cells respond to sound with both…

A
  1. receptor potential; change in voltage

2. change in length (motor proteins)

59
Q

Motor proteins is also known as […].

Bending of the stereocilia causes […] to enter the hair cell, […] it and triggering motor proteins to […] the hair cell.

The shortening/lengthening of the hair cell increases…

A

prestin

K+; depolarizing; shorten

the flexing of the basilar membrane

60
Q

Besides motor proteins, how else can the outer hair cells be modified?

A

the cochlea receives efferent input by releasing acetylcholine

61
Q

Without the outer hair cells amplification effect what can occur (damage to outer hair cells)?

When prestin is eliminated, what occurs?

A

lead to deafness

near deafness

62
Q

All ascending auditory pathways converge onto the […].

A

inferior colliculus

63
Q

List the auditory pathway starting from the cochlea to MGN:

A

cochlea — spiral ganglion — auditory nerve fiber — V/D cochlear nucleus — V: superior olive (both sides) — inferior colliculus [lateral lemniscus] —MGN — auditory cortex

64
Q

Axons innervate the dorsal cochlear nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus […] to the cochlea where the axons originated.

A

ipsilateral

65
Q

Projections of the inferior colliculus send axons to the MGN and also …

A

superior colliculus

66
Q

Superior colliculus:

A

integration of auditory and visual information

67
Q

Which nuclei receives input from just one ear, from both?

What does this mean when someone is deaf completely in one ear only?

A

ONE

  • dorsal
  • ventral

BOTH
- all other nuclei

complete deafness is only if a cochlear nucleus (auditory nerve) is destroyer on one side

68
Q

Characteristic frequency:

A

neuron is most responsive to sound at one frequency

69
Q

Describe the frequency characteristic value down the apex

A

moving from base to apex, a progressive decrease in the frequency that produces the maximal deformation of the membrane

70
Q

Stimulus intensity:

A

firing rates or neurons and the number of active neurons

71
Q

As a stimulus gets more intense, the basilar membrane […], causing the membrane potential of the activated hair cells to be more […].

A

greater amplitude; depolarized/hyperpolarized

72
Q

Tonotopy:

A

systematic organization of characteristic frequency within an auditory structure

73
Q

TONOTOPY: At a fixed frequency, how could you produce membrane deformation at a point farther up the nasilar membrane?

A

more intensity

74
Q

Phase locking:

A

consistent firing of a cell at the same phase of a sound wave

75
Q

Phase locking can only be used for

A

sound waves up to about 4 kHz (above is too fast)

76
Q

Tonotopy can be used for

A

frequencies are represented by tonotopy alone

77
Q

What encoding techniques are used for the following situations:

A

very low frequency: phase locking
intermediate: both
high frequency: tonotopy

78
Q

Interaural time delay:

A

angles that sound approaches you that reach one ear faster than the other

79
Q

When can ITD not be used?

A

high frequencies

80
Q

Interaural intensity difference:

A

sound localization at high frequencies; sound shadows

81
Q

Duplex theory of sound:

A
  1. ITD

2. IID

82
Q

20-2000 Hz uses […] while 2000-20000 Hz uses […].

A

ITD; IID

83
Q

How can binaural neurons (starting with the superior olive) contribute to sound localization?

A

delay lines only at low frequencies

inhibition

interaural intensity

**sound triggers AP in LE first ex. takes a few ms after to reach other ear

84
Q

How can vertical localization of sound be impaired?

A

outer ear curvature; pinna

85
Q

Otolith organs

A

detect the force of gravity and tilts of the head

86
Q

Semicircular canals

A

sensitive to head rotation; angular acceleration

87
Q

Otolith organs consists of

A

saccule and utricle

large and at the center

88
Q

Vestibular nerve axon cell bodies lie in […] ganglion

A

scarpas

89
Q

Saccule and utricle detect changes of […] as well as

A

head angle ; linear acceleration

90
Q

Otolith organs kinocilia response vs Semicircular canals:

A

O: inhibit and excite some

S: inhibit/excite all in one and opposite in the other (counterrotation)

Neurobiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions