Chapter 24: Digestive System

Question 1

When chewing food what does it becomes once it dissolves?

Answer 1

bolus

Question 2

Once it becomes bolus, where does it go?

Answer 2

to the pharynx then the esophagus to drain in the stomach

Question 3

Where in the small intestine does the chyme go first after it forms in the stomach?

Answer 3

the duodenum which is where most digestion occurs

Question 4

Where in the small intestine will you find the most nutrients being absorbed?

Answer 4

the jejunum

Question 5

What part of the small intestine meets with the cecum?

Answer 5

the ileum

Question 6

From the cecum, where does what was ingested go through?

Answer 6

ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum/anus

Question 7

Name the functions of these in the digestive system: ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, compaction

Answer 7

• ingestion: putting food into the mouth
• mechanical processing: chewing/swallowing
• digestion: break down food in order to be processed
• secretion: secretes things like enzymes, acid
• absorption: once collected, they get absorbed, leave lumen and go into the blood stream
• compaction: feces get excreted out of the body (anus)

Question 8

What are the four layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 8

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

Question 9

What happens within the muscular layer where the two smooth muscle layers circular and longitudinal can be found?

Answer 9

• circular: when contracting the diameter of the lumen decreases
• longitudinal: when contracting the length of the lumen gets shorter

Question 10

If an organ does not have a serous membrane, what does it have?

Answer 10

adevntitia

Question 11

What holds the transverse colon?

Answer 11

transverse mesocolon

Question 12

What holds the liver to the diaphragm?

Answer 12

falciform ligament

Question 13

What holds the liver to the stomach?

Answer 13

lesser omentum

Question 14

What holds or attaches the stomach to the transverse colon?

Answer 14

greater omentum

Question 15

What mesentary holds the small intestine in place?

Answer 15

mesenteric proper

Question 16

What holds the large intestine in place?

Answer 16

sigmoid mesocolon

Question 17

What is the name and function of the two movements to help push and mix food?

Answer 17

• peristalsis: forward motion that moves the bolus from the mouth to the anus
• segmentation: turning motion that mixes the bolus within the small intestine

Question 18

What happens in the oral cavity involving food?

Answer 18

• a conscience decision to put food in the mouth
• once food enters deciding if it is good or not
• mastification: chemical processing of food, helps shape the food
• deglutition: swallowing; tongue/pharync/soft palate

Question 19

What are aldenoids?

Answer 19

inflammed pharyngeal tonsils

Question 20

When the lips are open, what is the name of the structure that is found and the upper and bottom portion of the lips and the bottom of the tongue?

Answer 20

frenulum of upper/lower lip

Question 21

What are the types of saliva’s found in the (3) salivary glands?

Answer 21

• parotid: serous saliva; biggest gland
• sublingual: mucus & serous saliva, secretes the largest amount
• submandibular: smaller gland; mucus saliva

Question 22

What is another name for “baby teeth” ?

Answer 22

deciduous teeth

Question 23

What is the name of the part of our teeth that we see that is outside the gingiva?

Answer 23

the crown

Question 24

What part of our teeth has no living cells, easy to get infected, the hardest and makes our teeth white?

Answer 24

enamel

Question 25

Describe what happens in the (3) phases: buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal phase? (mention details)

Answer 25

• buccal phase: the toungue pushes the bolus to the oral pharynx (hypoglossal nerve makes the tongue move)
• pharyngeal phase: bolus arrives at oral pharynx; epiglottis closes the larynx, forces food down esophagus
• esophageal phase: moves bolus down to the stomach via peristalsis (upper/lower sphincters)

Question 26

What happens as you go down the esophagus?

Answer 26

decrease in the amount of skeletal fiber (aid in swallowing reflex), but an increase in the smooth muscle fiber (pushing bolus towards stomach via peristalsis)

Question 27

What three organs have adventitia, but not the serous membrane?

Answer 27

esophagus, retcum, pharynx

Question 28

What is known as the fold found within the walls of the lumen that is bumpy?

Answer 28

rugae

Question 29

What is the function of rugae?

Answer 29

• gripping action to help the mixture of bolus better

Question 30

What happens when the stomach is ready for digestion? (what is released?)

Answer 30

chyme gets released

Question 31

What is the function of sphincters?

Answer 31

provide one way flow

Question 32

What is significant or the functions of these three cells: parietal, chief, G cells

Answer 32

• parietal: HCl helps with chemical digestion + killing pathogens (change in pH)
• chief cells: pepsinogen gets secreted; pepsin is what allows the digestion of proteins
• G cells: gastrin gets secreted; the parietal, chief cells and muscular contraction get activated to work

Question 33

Which cell gets activated when we either think about or see food?

Answer 33

G cells get activated by the vagus nerve

Question 34

Where does the chyme pass through in the stomach to reach the small intestine?

Answer 34

pyloric sphincter

Question 35

Where does the chyme get pushed to when contraction occurs?

Answer 35

from the duodenum, jejunum then to the ileum

Question 36

What are some characteristics of the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum?

Answer 36

• duodenum: most digestion occurs here, the c-shape helps to trap the chyme
• jejunum: nutrient absorption
• ileum: helps fight bacteria

Question 37

Where in the large intestine do feces get stored?

Answer 37

sigmoid colon