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Human Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 23: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when good air is going in?

A

O2 leaves the alveolar sac and enters the capillaries

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2
Q

What happens when bad air is going out?

A

CO2 leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar sacs

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3
Q

What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Type 1: single layer of simple squamous cell; Type 2: secretes surfactant which helps prevent the alveolar from collapsing and reduces surface tension

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4
Q

What are the (3) functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation (releases air) 2. Olfaction (ability to smell) 3. Vocalization (ability to communicate verbally)
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5
Q

What can be found in the upper respiratory system?

A

nasal, nasal conchae, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity , nasal pharynx

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6
Q

What can be found in the lower respiratory system?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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7
Q

Why does our left lung only have two lobes?

A

Due to the heart being shoved into the left side of the thoracic cage the right lung is bigger giving room for more lobes

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8
Q

Where does the heart fit on the left lung?

A

the cardiac notch

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9
Q

What is the name of the surface where our lungs face our ribcage?

A

coastal surface

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10
Q

What is the name of the surface where our lungs meet with the diaphragm?

A

diaphragm surface

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11
Q

What causes our lungs to stretch and retract so easily?

A

internal elasticity

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12
Q

What is the space between our lung and thoracic wall that helps keep our lungs inflated?

A

pleura

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13
Q

What are the two pleuras that make up the lining of the lungs where the pleural cavity is found inbetween?

A

visceral pleura: lines the outer surface; parietal pleura: lines the inner surface

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14
Q

What separated the right and left pleural cavity?

A

mediastinum

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15
Q

What fluid is also found inbetween the visceral and parietal pleural cavity and its function?

A

pleural fluid reduces friction and it is secreted by simple squamous epithelium cell

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16
Q

What happens in the conducting zone?

A
  • conducts air to return to the respiratory zone
  • gas exchange occurs
  • warms + humidifies the air
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17
Q

What ciliated mucus membrane is found in the conducting zone from the nasal cavity to the bronchioles?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

Where in the conducting zone can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

the oral pharynx and laryngeal pharynx

19
Q

Why is it important to humidify and warm the air we inhale?

A

because we could damage our cells in the respiratory tract because it will be dehydrated and to not freeze our lungs.

20
Q

What are the three parts to the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx: located in the back of our nose
  • oropharynx: located in the back of our mouth
  • laryngopharynx: entrance to the trachea and esophagus
21
Q

What are the three parts of the larynx?

A
  • thyroid cartilage: hyaline cartilage present;
  • cricoid cartilage: hyaline cartilage present
  • epiglottis: elastic cartilage present
22
Q

How is sound produced?

A

as air passes the glottis vibrates the true fold which creates sound

23
Q

What is another name for the laryngeal prominence?

A

the Addam’s apple

24
Q

What are the two folds within the epiglottis in the glottis?

A

true vocal and false vocal fold

25
Q

What makes the false vocal cord, false?

A

this vocal fold does not have enough elastic to produce sound

26
Q

What sounds are produced when the vocal cords fold together or when they pull away?

A

together: very high pitched sound

pulled away: very deep sound

27
Q

How are children or some people able to aspirate foreign objects into their lungs?

A

Due to the right lung and the right primary bronchus being larger than the left

28
Q

At the lung what enters the hilum?

A

each main bronchus

29
Q

What are the branching of the bronchi’s?

A
  • each main divides to form the lobar bronchi
  • lobar bronchi branches to form the segmental bronchi
  • lobar bronchi divides into the superior/inferior/middle lobar bronchus
  • segmental bronchi branches multiple times to form bronchioles
  • bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
30
Q

What are the characteristics of terminal bronchioles?

A
  • small
  • self supporting
  • smooth muscle
  • branches into several respiratory bronchioles (attached to alveolar ducts)
31
Q

What purpose does the intrinsic laryngeal muscle play?

A
  • controls the opening and closing of the glottis
  • regulates tension in vocal chords which allows sounds to either be high or deep
  • prevents food + liquids from entering the glottis
32
Q

What purpose does the extrinsic laryngeal muscle play?

A
  • moves up & down
  • binds the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone & cricoid cartilage
  • connects the larynx to nearby structures
33
Q

Explain the air pathway in the upper respiratory system?

A

air goes into nostril, passes the nasal vestibule, enters nasal cavity, air flows in + around the nasal conchae (air gets warmed, humidified and removes any unwanted debris)

34
Q

What does pleuritis mean?

A

too much pleural fluid

35
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary ventilation?

A

moves air in and out of lungs physically

36
Q

What is the purpose of respiratory muscles?

A

primary and accessory muscles

37
Q

For primary muscles, what happens when the diaphragm relaxes/contract?

A

relaxes: causes exhalation, raises
contracts: causes inhalation, lowers

38
Q

For primary muscles, what happens when the external intercostals relaxes or contracts?

A
  • elevates ribs to aid inhalation
  • contract: increases rib cage
  • relaxes: chest gets smaller
39
Q

For primary muscles, what happens when the internal intercostals relaxes or contracts?

A
  • depresses the ribs to aid in exhalation
  • contract: increases rib cage
  • relaxes: chest gets smaller
40
Q

What happens when the tracheal muscle contracts or relaxes?

A

contract: decrease lumen
relaxes: increase lumen

41
Q

What is the weakest cartilage and its characteristic?

A

hyaline

  • allows swallowed food to go down smoothly
  • flexible
  • avascular
42
Q

What happens to people who struggle or have emphysema?

A
  • alveolar sac degenerates
  • too weak to walk
  • air + blood flow get affected
  • chronic bronchitis is also found in patients too
43
Q

What are things significant about asthma that make it what it is?

A
  • tightening of smooth muscle
  • inflammation in the air passage
  • shortness of breath & chest tightening

Human Anatomy Lecture (4 decks)

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