Chapter 23: Respiratory System

Question 1

What happens when good air is going in?

Answer 1

O2 leaves the alveolar sac and enters the capillaries

Question 2

What happens when bad air is going out?

Answer 2

CO2 leaves the capillaries and enters the alveolar sacs

Question 3

What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells?

Answer 3

Type 1: single layer of simple squamous cell; Type 2: secretes surfactant which helps prevent the alveolar from collapsing and reduces surface tension

Question 4

What are the (3) functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

1. Pulmonary ventilation (releases air) 2. Olfaction (ability to smell) 3. Vocalization (ability to communicate verbally)

Question 5

What can be found in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 5

nasal, nasal conchae, paranasal sinus, nasal cavity , nasal pharynx

Question 6

What can be found in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 6

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Question 7

Why does our left lung only have two lobes?

Answer 7

Due to the heart being shoved into the left side of the thoracic cage the right lung is bigger giving room for more lobes

Question 8

Where does the heart fit on the left lung?

Answer 8

the cardiac notch

Question 9

What is the name of the surface where our lungs face our ribcage?

Answer 9

coastal surface

Question 10

What is the name of the surface where our lungs meet with the diaphragm?

Answer 10

diaphragm surface

Question 11

What causes our lungs to stretch and retract so easily?

Answer 11

internal elasticity

Question 12

What is the space between our lung and thoracic wall that helps keep our lungs inflated?

Answer 12

pleura

Question 13

What are the two pleuras that make up the lining of the lungs where the pleural cavity is found inbetween?

Answer 13

visceral pleura: lines the outer surface; parietal pleura: lines the inner surface

Question 14

What separated the right and left pleural cavity?

Answer 14

mediastinum

Question 15

What fluid is also found inbetween the visceral and parietal pleural cavity and its function?

Answer 15

pleural fluid reduces friction and it is secreted by simple squamous epithelium cell

Question 16

What happens in the conducting zone?

Answer 16

• conducts air to return to the respiratory zone
• gas exchange occurs
• warms + humidifies the air

Question 17

What ciliated mucus membrane is found in the conducting zone from the nasal cavity to the bronchioles?

Answer 17

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 18

Where in the conducting zone can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 18

the oral pharynx and laryngeal pharynx

Question 19

Why is it important to humidify and warm the air we inhale?

Answer 19

because we could damage our cells in the respiratory tract because it will be dehydrated and to not freeze our lungs.

Question 20

What are the three parts to the pharynx?

Answer 20

• nasopharynx: located in the back of our nose
• oropharynx: located in the back of our mouth
• laryngopharynx: entrance to the trachea and esophagus

Question 21

What are the three parts of the larynx?

Answer 21

• thyroid cartilage: hyaline cartilage present;
• cricoid cartilage: hyaline cartilage present
• epiglottis: elastic cartilage present

Question 22

How is sound produced?

Answer 22

as air passes the glottis vibrates the true fold which creates sound

Question 23

What is another name for the laryngeal prominence?

Answer 23

the Addam’s apple

Question 24

What are the two folds within the epiglottis in the glottis?

Answer 24

true vocal and false vocal fold

Question 25

What makes the false vocal cord, false?

Answer 25

this vocal fold does not have enough elastic to produce sound

Question 26

What sounds are produced when the vocal cords fold together or when they pull away?

Answer 26

together: very high pitched sound | pulled away: very deep sound

Question 27

How are children or some people able to aspirate foreign objects into their lungs?

Answer 27

Due to the right lung and the right primary bronchus being larger than the left

Question 28

At the lung what enters the hilum?

Answer 28

each main bronchus

Question 29

What are the branching of the bronchi's?

Answer 29

- each main divides to form the lobar bronchi - lobar bronchi branches to form the segmental bronchi - lobar bronchi divides into the superior/inferior/middle lobar bronchus - segmental bronchi branches multiple times to form bronchioles - bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles

Question 30

What are the characteristics of terminal bronchioles?

Answer 30

- small - self supporting - smooth muscle - branches into several respiratory bronchioles (attached to alveolar ducts)

Question 31

What purpose does the intrinsic laryngeal muscle play?

Answer 31

- controls the opening and closing of the glottis - regulates tension in vocal chords which allows sounds to either be high or deep - prevents food + liquids from entering the glottis

Question 32

What purpose does the extrinsic laryngeal muscle play?

Answer 32

- moves up & down - binds the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone & cricoid cartilage - connects the larynx to nearby structures

Question 33

Explain the air pathway in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 33

air goes into nostril, passes the nasal vestibule, enters nasal cavity, air flows in + around the nasal conchae (air gets warmed, humidified and removes any unwanted debris)

Question 34

What does pleuritis mean?

Answer 34

too much pleural fluid

Question 35

What is the purpose of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 35

moves air in and out of lungs physically

Question 36

What is the purpose of respiratory muscles?

Answer 36

primary and accessory muscles

Question 37

For primary muscles, what happens when the diaphragm relaxes/contract?

Answer 37

relaxes: causes exhalation, raises contracts: causes inhalation, lowers

Question 38

For primary muscles, what happens when the external intercostals relaxes or contracts?

Answer 38

- elevates ribs to aid inhalation - contract: increases rib cage - relaxes: chest gets smaller

Question 39

For primary muscles, what happens when the internal intercostals relaxes or contracts?

Answer 39

- depresses the ribs to aid in exhalation - contract: increases rib cage - relaxes: chest gets smaller

Question 40

What happens when the tracheal muscle contracts or relaxes?

Answer 40

contract: decrease lumen relaxes: increase lumen

Question 41

What is the weakest cartilage and its characteristic?

Answer 41

hyaline - allows swallowed food to go down smoothly - flexible - avascular

Question 42

What happens to people who struggle or have emphysema?

Answer 42

- alveolar sac degenerates - too weak to walk - air + blood flow get affected - chronic bronchitis is also found in patients too

Question 43

What are things significant about asthma that make it what it is?

Answer 43

- tightening of smooth muscle - inflammation in the air passage - shortness of breath & chest tightening