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A&P Exam 3 > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

0
Q

_______ decomposes substances to provide energy cells need to function.

A

Catabolism

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1
Q

The use of raw materials to synthesize essential compounds is called _________

A

Anabolism

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions require which 2 essential ingredients?

A

Oxygen and organic molecules(carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)

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3
Q

Organic molecules are broken down by _________.

A

Intracellular enzymes

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4
Q

The digestive tract is also called the _______.

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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5
Q

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract extends from __________ to _____.

A

The oral cavity to the anus.

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6
Q

The gastrointestinal tract runs through _________.

A

Larynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

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7
Q

This is common to both the respiratory and digestive tract.

A

Pharynx.

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8
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food entering the digestive tract through the mouth (intake of food).

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9
Q

The crushing and shearing that propels materials down the digestive tract is called __________.

A

Mechanical processing

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10
Q

Double sheets of peritoneal membrane is called _________.

A

Mesenteries

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11
Q

During embryonic development, digestive tract and accessory organs are suspended in peritoneal cavity by ________ and _________.

A

Dorsal mesentary

Ventral mesentary

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12
Q

This stabilizes the stomach and is present since embryonic development.

A

The lesser omentum

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13
Q

This helps stabilize the position of the liver and is present since embryonic development.

A

The calciferol ligament

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14
Q

The dorsal mesentery enlarges to form an enormous pouch called _________.

A

The greater omentum.

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15
Q

The greater omentum has a lot of ________ tissue that pads and protects surfaces of abdomen, and provides insulation to reduce heat loss.

A

Adipose

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16
Q

This hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach.

A

The greater omentum

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17
Q

The ______ mesentery later disappears along most of digestive tract except at the lesser omentum and at the falciform ligament.

A

Ventral

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18
Q

____________ is associated with keeping the initial portion of small intestine and pancreas locked in place.

A

The mesentery proper

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19
Q

________ is associated with a portion of the large intestine and during development, it locks regions into place and fuses to dorsal body wall.

A

The mesocolon

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20
Q

Mucosa, submucosa, serosa, and muscular is externa are the major layers of ________.

A

The digestive tract

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21
Q

Mucous cells are also known as _______.

A

Goblet cells

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22
Q

________ secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands.

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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23
Q

Transverse folds in lining of digestive tract are also known as _________.

A

Plicae circulares

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24
Q

These folds disappear as digestive tract fills.

A

Longitudinal folds.

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25
Q

The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the ________.

A

The mucosa

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26
Q

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum don’t have the serosa, but instead have ________.

A

Adventitia

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27
Q

________ cells are located in muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa.

A

Pacesetter

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28
Q

Chunks of food are called ______.

A

Bolus

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29
Q

Short reflexes operate inside/outside CNS control?

A

Outside

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30
Q

Long reflexes of digestive tract involve which type of neurons in CNS?

A

Motor neurons and interneurons

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31
Q

Peristaltic motion occurs in 1 direction/many directions?

A

1 direction

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32
Q

What happens to the circular muscles in peristaltic motion?

A

Circular muscles behind bolus contract.

Circular muscles in front on bolus relax, so that there is only movement forward.

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33
Q

The contractions of circular muscles in peristaltic movement happen continuously or in waves?

A

Waves

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34
Q

What happens to the longitudinal muscles in peristaltic movement?

A

Longitudinal muscle in front of bolus contract to shorten area in front.

35
Q

Does segmentation follow a set pattern( only push materials in one direction)?

A

No

36
Q

The mixing and churning if bolus with intestinal fluids is called?

A

Segmentation

37
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms by which digestive function is controlled?

A

Hormonal mechanisms, Neural mechanisms, local mechanisms

38
Q

Where are the 18 peptide hormones that affect most aspects of digestive function produced,

A

Enteroendocrine cells

39
Q

The lining of the oral cavity is called ______.

A

Oral mucosa

40
Q

The tongue secretes mucins and the enzyme ________.

A

Lingual lipase

41
Q

About 70% of saliva produces daily is by which gland?

A

Submandibular gland

42
Q

Saliva is composed mostly of ________.

A

99.4% water

43
Q

Which salivary glands produce serous secretion?

A

Parotid salivary gland and submandibular salivary gland

44
Q

Which salivary gland produces mucous secretion, which acts as a buffer and lubricant?

A

Sublingual salivary gland

45
Q

Which enzyme is produced by serous secretion in the oral cavity?

A

Salivary amylase

46
Q

Salivary amylase breaks down ________.

A

Starches

47
Q

One of the functions of saliva is to initiate digestion of complex carbohydrates by the enzyme ________.

A

Salivary amylase

48
Q

Salivary secretions are controlled by ________.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

49
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system accelerates or slows down secretion by all salivary glands?

A

Accelerates

50
Q

Mastication means _______.

A

To chew

51
Q

Each tooth sits in a bony socket called ________.

A

Alveolus

52
Q

These types of teeth have one root.

A

Incisors and cuspids(canines)

53
Q

This type of teeth is used for tearing and ripping.

A

Cuspids (Canines)

54
Q

Baby teeth are also called ______.

A

Deciduous teeth (primary dentition)

55
Q

Secondary dentition is also called _______.

A

Permanent dentition

56
Q

How many teeth are present in primary dentition?

A

20 teeth

57
Q

How many teeth are present is secondary dentition?

A

32 teeth

58
Q

Name the regions of the pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

59
Q

Food passes through these two regions of the pharynx to the esophagus.

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

60
Q

This is a hollow muscular tube that conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

61
Q

The mucosa of the ________ is nonkeratinized and is stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Esophagus

62
Q

Swallowing is also called _________.

A

Deglutition

63
Q

What are the three phases of deglutition?

A

Buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

64
Q

Disruption of chemical bonds in food materials by acids and enzymes occurs in the ________.

A

Stomach

65
Q

A glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine is called _________.

A

Intrinsic factor

66
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

67
Q

Name the muscle layers of the stomach from most external to deepest

A

Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer

68
Q

This is an extra muscle layer of the stomach to make sure food is digested and mixed properly.

A

Oblique muscle layer

69
Q

If you remove the stomach completely, you will develop _______ anemia

A

Percineous anemia

70
Q

What type of epithelium lines all portions of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

71
Q

Gastric glands are found in _____ and _______ of stomach.

A

Fundus and body of stomach

72
Q

G cells of the pylorus gland produce ________.

A

Gastric

73
Q

D cells of the pylorus gland release __________, a hormone that inhibits release of gastrin.

A

Somatostatin

74
Q

Parietal cells of the stomach release intrinsic factor and _________.

A

Hydrochloric acid

75
Q

Chief cells of the stomach secrete ______, which is then converted to pepsin with the help of hydrochloric acid.

A

Pepsinogen

76
Q

What are the three phases of regulation of gastric activity?

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
77
Q

Stomach begins preliminary digestion of proteins by use of __________.

A

Pepsin

78
Q

When pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, the pH of the stomach increases or decreases?

A

Decreases - approaches pH of 2.0

79
Q

Although digestion occurs in the stomach, __________ are not absorbed there.

A

Nutrients

80
Q

True or false: nutrients are not absorbed in the stomach.

A

True

81
Q

90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the ____________.

A

Small intestine

82
Q

Highly acidic digested food is called _________.

A

Chyme

83
Q

Which part of the small intestine neutralizes the acids from the stomach?

A

Duodenum

84
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ and ______ into the blood stream.

A

Glycogen and insulin

A&P Exam 3 (5 decks)

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