Chapter 24 Flashcards
_______ decomposes substances to provide energy cells need to function.
Catabolism
The use of raw materials to synthesize essential compounds is called _________
Anabolism
Catabolic reactions require which 2 essential ingredients?
Oxygen and organic molecules(carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
Organic molecules are broken down by _________.
Intracellular enzymes
The digestive tract is also called the _______.
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract extends from __________ to _____.
The oral cavity to the anus.
The gastrointestinal tract runs through _________.
Larynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
This is common to both the respiratory and digestive tract.
Pharynx.
What is ingestion?
Food entering the digestive tract through the mouth (intake of food).
The crushing and shearing that propels materials down the digestive tract is called __________.
Mechanical processing
Double sheets of peritoneal membrane is called _________.
Mesenteries
During embryonic development, digestive tract and accessory organs are suspended in peritoneal cavity by ________ and _________.
Dorsal mesentary
Ventral mesentary
This stabilizes the stomach and is present since embryonic development.
The lesser omentum
This helps stabilize the position of the liver and is present since embryonic development.
The calciferol ligament
The dorsal mesentery enlarges to form an enormous pouch called _________.
The greater omentum.
The greater omentum has a lot of ________ tissue that pads and protects surfaces of abdomen, and provides insulation to reduce heat loss.
Adipose
This hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach.
The greater omentum
The ______ mesentery later disappears along most of digestive tract except at the lesser omentum and at the falciform ligament.
Ventral
____________ is associated with keeping the initial portion of small intestine and pancreas locked in place.
The mesentery proper
________ is associated with a portion of the large intestine and during development, it locks regions into place and fuses to dorsal body wall.
The mesocolon
Mucosa, submucosa, serosa, and muscular is externa are the major layers of ________.
The digestive tract
Mucous cells are also known as _______.
Goblet cells
________ secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands.
Enteroendocrine cells
Transverse folds in lining of digestive tract are also known as _________.
Plicae circulares
These folds disappear as digestive tract fills.
Longitudinal folds.
The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the ________.
The mucosa
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum don’t have the serosa, but instead have ________.
Adventitia
________ cells are located in muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa.
Pacesetter
Chunks of food are called ______.
Bolus
Short reflexes operate inside/outside CNS control?
Outside
Long reflexes of digestive tract involve which type of neurons in CNS?
Motor neurons and interneurons
Peristaltic motion occurs in 1 direction/many directions?
1 direction
What happens to the circular muscles in peristaltic motion?
Circular muscles behind bolus contract.
Circular muscles in front on bolus relax, so that there is only movement forward.
The contractions of circular muscles in peristaltic movement happen continuously or in waves?
Waves
What happens to the longitudinal muscles in peristaltic movement?
Longitudinal muscle in front of bolus contract to shorten area in front.
Does segmentation follow a set pattern( only push materials in one direction)?
No
The mixing and churning if bolus with intestinal fluids is called?
Segmentation
What are the 3 mechanisms by which digestive function is controlled?
Hormonal mechanisms, Neural mechanisms, local mechanisms
Where are the 18 peptide hormones that affect most aspects of digestive function produced,
Enteroendocrine cells
The lining of the oral cavity is called ______.
Oral mucosa
The tongue secretes mucins and the enzyme ________.
Lingual lipase
About 70% of saliva produces daily is by which gland?
Submandibular gland
Saliva is composed mostly of ________.
99.4% water
Which salivary glands produce serous secretion?
Parotid salivary gland and submandibular salivary gland
Which salivary gland produces mucous secretion, which acts as a buffer and lubricant?
Sublingual salivary gland
Which enzyme is produced by serous secretion in the oral cavity?
Salivary amylase
Salivary amylase breaks down ________.
Starches
One of the functions of saliva is to initiate digestion of complex carbohydrates by the enzyme ________.
Salivary amylase
Salivary secretions are controlled by ________.
Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic nervous system accelerates or slows down secretion by all salivary glands?
Accelerates
Mastication means _______.
To chew
Each tooth sits in a bony socket called ________.
Alveolus
These types of teeth have one root.
Incisors and cuspids(canines)
This type of teeth is used for tearing and ripping.
Cuspids (Canines)
Baby teeth are also called ______.
Deciduous teeth (primary dentition)
Secondary dentition is also called _______.
Permanent dentition
How many teeth are present in primary dentition?
20 teeth
How many teeth are present is secondary dentition?
32 teeth
Name the regions of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Food passes through these two regions of the pharynx to the esophagus.
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
This is a hollow muscular tube that conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach.
Esophagus
The mucosa of the ________ is nonkeratinized and is stratified squamous epithelium.
Esophagus
Swallowing is also called _________.
Deglutition
What are the three phases of deglutition?
Buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase
Disruption of chemical bonds in food materials by acids and enzymes occurs in the ________.
Stomach
A glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine is called _________.
Intrinsic factor
What are the regions of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
Name the muscle layers of the stomach from most external to deepest
Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer
This is an extra muscle layer of the stomach to make sure food is digested and mixed properly.
Oblique muscle layer
If you remove the stomach completely, you will develop _______ anemia
Percineous anemia
What type of epithelium lines all portions of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium
Gastric glands are found in _____ and _______ of stomach.
Fundus and body of stomach
G cells of the pylorus gland produce ________.
Gastric
D cells of the pylorus gland release __________, a hormone that inhibits release of gastrin.
Somatostatin
Parietal cells of the stomach release intrinsic factor and _________.
Hydrochloric acid
Chief cells of the stomach secrete ______, which is then converted to pepsin with the help of hydrochloric acid.
Pepsinogen
What are the three phases of regulation of gastric activity?
- Cephalic phase
- Gastric phase
- Intestinal phase
Stomach begins preliminary digestion of proteins by use of __________.
Pepsin
When pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, the pH of the stomach increases or decreases?
Decreases - approaches pH of 2.0
Although digestion occurs in the stomach, __________ are not absorbed there.
Nutrients
True or false: nutrients are not absorbed in the stomach.
True
90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the ____________.
Small intestine
Highly acidic digested food is called _________.
Chyme
Which part of the small intestine neutralizes the acids from the stomach?
Duodenum
Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ and ______ into the blood stream.
Glycogen and insulin
