Chapter 23 Flashcards
For gas exchange to be efficient, _________ walls must be very thin and surface area must be very great.
Alveoli
Where does all gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
The alveoli has this type of epithelium.
Simple squamous.
How does filtration in the nasal cavity remove debris and dirt larger than 10 micrometers?
It gets stuck in nasal hair
What happens to dirt that is smaller than 10 micrometers that enters the nasal cavity?
It gets stuck in mucous and is pushed out by cilia.
This is known as the mucous escalator because it pushes dust and debris out toward the pharynx.
Cilia
What are the first particle filtration system?
Nasal hair
Superior portion of the nasal cavity is called ___________ because it gives the sense of smell.
Olfactory region
The _____________ warms and humidifies inhaled air for the lower respiratory system.
Nasal mucosa
Why is breathing through your mouth considered unhealthy?
Because the nasal mucosa warms and humidifies the air inhaled by your nose and traps dust, while these steps are skipped when breathing through your mouth.
This is a chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems. It is also called throat.
Pharynx
Air flow goes the pharynx to the ________.
Larynx
The thyroid cartilage of the larynx is also called ________.
Adam’s apple
What are the three cartilages of the larynx?
The thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis.
The entrance to the trachea is called the _________.
Glottis
What is the purpose of the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage of the larynx?
To support and protect the glottis
What happens during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract.
The larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds over and covers the glottis.
The vestibular ligaments lie within vestibular folds, which protect _______.
Vocal folds
How are sound waves produced?
Air passes through glottis and vibrates vocal folds.
This is also called the windpipe, and branches off into left and right pulmonary bronchi.
Trachea
How many tracheal cartilages are there and what’s their purpose?
15-20
They protect and strengthens airway.
The let and right primary bronchi are separated by a ridge called ___________.
The Carina
Are the primary bronchi the same size?
No the right is larger in diameter and descents ate steeper angle.
The pleural cavities are responsible for _______.
Holding the lungs
How many lobes does each lung have?
Left has 2 lobes
Right has 3 lobes
Describe the shape of the lungs.
Right lung is wider and displaced upward by liver.
Left lung is longer and displaced leftward by the heart.
What is the cardiac notch and where is it located?
It is a curvature on the left lung caused by the heart.
The place where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics enter the lungs is called _________.
Hilum
How many secondary bronchi go to each lobe of the lungs?
One per lobe
Describe the walls of bronchi and bronchioles
Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of bronchi have progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle.
Bronchioles have NO cartilage, but only smooth muscle.
Inflammation of bronchial walls is called _________.
Bronchitis
Bronchodilation is caused by ___________, while bronchoconstriction is caused by __________.
Bronchodilation = sympathetic nervous system Bronchoconstriction = parasympathetic nervous system
Excessive stimulation of bronchoconstriction, which severely restricts airflow, is called ___________.
Asthma
What is hyperpnea?
Forced breathing
In forced breathing, the inhalation and exhalation are both _______.
Active
In quiet breathing, inhalation and exhalation are ______.
Inhalation - active
Exhalation - passive
Quiet breathing is also called _______.
Eupnea
The respiratory minute volume is calculated by __________.
Respiratory rate X tidal volume
