CHAPTER 23: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
Anatomy Part
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
-respiration-gas exchange
(O2 and CO2 between the body and the atmosphere
-provided passageway for air movement
-site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
-detection of odors
-production of sound
WHICH STRUCTURES ARE A PART OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT?
NOSE
NASAL CAVITY
PHARYNX
LARYNX
WHICH STRUCTURES ARE A PART OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT?
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
ALVEOLI
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE? WHAT STRUCTURES ARE A PART OF THIS ZONE?
TRANSPORTS AIR
from nose to terminal bronchioles
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY ZONE? WHAT STRUCTURES ARE A PART OF THIS ZONE?
respiratory bronchioles
ALVEOLAR ducts
alveoli
WHAT IS MUCOSA?
mucous membrane that lines the respiratory system
Describe the epithelium of the mucosa
basement membrane
-gets thinner as move towards alveoli
-starts at ciliated pseudostrafied columnar
-becomes simple ciliated columnar, then simple cuboidal
-simple squamous at the alveoli
Describe what is beneath the epithelium of the mucosa
lamina propria is underneath
-areolar connective tissue associated underneath
WHAT IS MUCOUS SECRETED BY?
goblet cells in epithelial lining
mucous and serous glands in lamina propria
WHAT PROTEIN IS IN MUCOUS?
DEFENSINS-ANTIBACTERIAL PROTEINS
what is the function of mucous and which part of it perform each function?
FUNCTION: defense against microbes
lysozyme-antibacterial enzyme
defensins-antibacterial proteins
immunoglobulin A- antibodies
DEFINE SPUTUM
mucus coughed up with saliva and any trapped substances
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
-Chloride channels are defective
-mucous becomes thick
-pulmonary infections are common
-can lead to ducts within other organs being blocked and destroyed
ex; pancreas and salivary glands
describe the anatomy of the nose including which tissues it is made of
made of bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin.
bridge= nasal bone
one pair of lateral cartilages
two pairs of alar cartilages
what are the choanea?
paired openings, lead into the pharynx
what makes up the floor of nasal cavity?
palate
what makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?
nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
what is the nasal septum made of ?
septal cartilage
perpendicular plate
ethmoid bone
vomer
define nasal conchae
three paired, bont projections locates in the lateral wall of nasal cavity
what is the function of nasal conchae?
increase the surface area of the nasal of the nasal cavitites in order to provide warming and humidication of air as it passes.
describe the nasal vestibule
-just inside nostrils
-lined by skin and hairs
-hair traps particles
what is the function of the nasal vestibule?
help filter dust and other particles to keep them from entering the lungs
describe the olfactory region
superior part of nasal cavity
contains olfactory epithelium
molecules stimulate these receptors
function of olfactory region
enables sense of smell
describe respiratory region
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-extensive vasculature
-nosebleeds occur
what is the function of nasolacrimal ducts?
drain the lacrimal secretions from the eye into the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal ducts: how is air conditioned in the nose?
-warmed by extensive blood vessels
-mucus traps dust, microbes, and foreign material
RHINORRHEA
a runny nose due to:
increased mucus production
increased lacrimal gland secretions
exposure to cold air
PARANASAL SINUSES: what are they and what bones have them?
DEFINE: spaces within the skull bones
BONES WITHIN: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
describe paranasal sinuses
connected to the nasal cavity
lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
function: humidifying and heated inspired air
sinus infections and headaches
-inflammation of the ducts that drain from the paranasal sinuses
-infection or allergic cause
-germs can grow in it (need antibiotic)
-pressure changes (sinus headaches)
Describe the anatomy of the phaynx
-the throat
-posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
lateral walls are made of skeletal muscle
what are the three sections the pharynx is divided into? Inferior to superior
nasopharynx-most superior
oropharynx
laryngopharynx- most inferior (skeletal muscle)
Nasopharynx: where is it located and what type of tissue it has?
-It is located superior to the soft palate
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Nasopharynx:
Air or food or both? how?
what does it contain?
- for air only: soft palate elevates when swallow, food and drink blocked from entering nasopharynx
-It contains tonsils, Tubal tonsils near auditory tube opening
-pharyngeal tonsils on posterior nasopharynx wall
what are pharyngeal tonsils called when they are enlarged?
adenoids
Nasopharynx:
what does it connect to and what is the function of this connection?
-connect to the ear: auditory tube
-equalization of pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane
Oropharynx:
where is it located?
what type of tissue does it have?
-from soft palate to hyoid bone
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx:
Air or food or both?
what does it ontain?
- for both food and air
- contains tonsils
palatine on lateral walls
lingual at base of tongue
Laryngopharynx:
where it located?
what type of tissue?
air or food of both?
located: posterior to larynx, from hyoid esophagus
tissue: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-Food and air
Describe Larynx
-voicebox
-airway between laryngopharynx and trachea
Functions of larynx
-produce sound when vocal cord vibrate
-air passageway
-prevents ingested materials from getting into respiratory tract
-helps increase abdominal cavity pressure
-sneeze and cough reflexs
Larynx:
what are some other aspects of sneezing and cough reflexes?
-removes irritants
-abdominal muscle contract, thoracic pressure increases
-vocal cords forcible opened
-explosive blast of exhaled air
Larynx:
what are some other aspects of the larynx helping increase abdominal cavity pressure?
-valsalva maneuver
-helps with urination, defecation and childbirth
Larynx:
what are some aspects on why the larynx prevents ingested materials from getting into respiratory tract?
epiglottis covers superior opening when swallowing
Describe the laryngeal inlet
connects the pharynx and larynx
describe the 9 cartilages
-held in place by ligaments and muscles
-single: thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis cartilages
-paired: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
-all are hyaline cartilage except epiglottis which is elastic cartilage
True or False: All cartilages are hyaline except epiglottis which is elastic cartilage
TRUE
Describe the ligaments
-extrinsic attach the larynx to other structures
-intrinsic are within the larynx
what does the extrinsic attach the larynx to?
hyoid bone
what ligaments are within the intrinsic in the larynx?
-vocal ligament
-vestibular ligaments
Thyroid cartilage:
describe the shape and location
Shape: large, shield shaped
Location: lateral and anterior wall of larynx
attached to lateral surface of cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage:
what us the laryngeal prominence and how is different in males vs females?
Anterior protrusion also known as laryngeal prominence
-adams apple
-larger in males, enlarges during puberty
cricoid cartilage:
describe the shape and location
Shape: Ring shaped
Location: inferior to thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis:
describe the shape
describe the location
Shape: spoon shaped
location: anchored to inner part of thyroid cartilage
-projects posterior superiorly into pharynx
Epiglottis:
what is its function?
what is it made of?
function: closes over laryngeal inlet when swallowing
Made of: elastic cartilage
Vocal ligaments:
describe the location
what is it made of? what is it covered with?
located: between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Made of: avascular elastic connective tissue
covered with: mucosa
- forms vocal folds (true focal folds)
Vocal ligaments:
how do vocal ligaments produce sound?
they produce sound when air passes through them
Vocal ligaments:
what is the rima glottides?
what is the glottis?
Rima glottides: opening between ligaments
Rima glottidis + vocal folds = glottis
Vestibular ligaments:
describe the location:
what is it covered with:
location: from thyroid to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
covered with: mucosa
-forms vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Vestibular ligaments:
how do they produce sound?
-play NO ROLE in sound production
protect the true vocal cords instead
Vestibular ligament:
what is the remi vestibuli?
opening between vestibular folds
Describe the extrinsic muscles and where are they located
Located in the larynx
OUTTER
-skeletal muscle that stabilize the larynx and help it move during swallowing
-originate on hyoid bone and sternum
insert on thyroid cartilages
Production of sound:
how is sound produced?
-vocal cords vibrate
-intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow the opening of the rima glottides
-when expire, air is forced past the vocal cords
Describe the intrinsic muscles and where are they located
located: within- hold within place while we swallow
-skeletal muscles within the larynx
-attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
-contract to change the rima glottides
-voice production and swallowing
production of sound:
what determines range, pitch and loudness?
Range: length and thickness of local cords
-males: longer, thicker= thicker voice
Pitch: tension of vocal cords
loudness: force of air past vocal cords
more air-louder
what are some aspects on why the pitch is the tension of vocal cords?
increased tension=more vibration=higher pitch
-regulated by intrinsic laryngeal muscles
which ligaments have false and true vocal folds?
False: vestibular
True: Vocal
Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
symptoms:
hoarse voice, sore throat, maybe fever
due to: bacterial or viral infection
overuse (yelling)
if laryngitis gets severe what can heppen?q
extend to epiglottis
can lead to sudden airway obstruction in children
Describe the location of the trachea
-opening between the larynx and main bronchi
-anterior to esophagus, posterior to sternum
Describe the cartilages of the trachea and what their functions are.
-tracheal cartilages on the anterior and lateral walls
-c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-perichondrium surrounds with dense fibrous membrane
-helps make sure the trachea stays open
-rings connected by annular ligaments
What muscles are associated with the trachea and what is their function?
-trachealis muscle and ligamentous membrane on the tracheas posterior surface
-connects the open ends of the cartilage rings
-accommodates esophagus when food passes through it
-contracts during cough
What is the carina? What is its function? where is it located?
located: internal ridge at inferior trachea, many sensory receptors
function: initiates the cough reflex when irritants are present
Tracheotomy
is an incision into the trachea
facilitates breathing if airway is blocked or if it is compromised by disease or injury
Cricothyrotomy
an incision between the circoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
tube is replaced within the opening to facilitate air exchange
List the 4 layers of the tracheal wall
innermost to outermost
mucosa
submucosa
tracheal cartilage
adventitia
Describe each layer of the tracheal wall
mucosa- (innermost)
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar and lamina propria
submucosa
-areolar connective tissue
-contains blood vessels, nerves, serous and mucous glands, lymphatic tissue
tracheal cartilage
adventitia (outermost)
-elastic connective tissue
Describe the anatomy of the bronchial tree
originates at the main bronchi
-branches to more and more narrow tubes
ends in small bronchiole passageways
describe the anatomy of the main bronchi
main bronchus branches into lobar bronchi
-supported by incomplete hyaline cartilage rings
-trachea splits into the right and left main bronchi:
at the level of the sternal angle
each bronchus enters a lung
-right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical
more likely to have foreign particles get lodged here
what are two functions of the hyaline cartilage rings associated with the main bronchi?
-keeps the main bronchi open
-the support lessens as the bronchi divide
Describe the anatomy of the segmental bronchi
- continue to branch into smaller passageways
bronchioles
What is the difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles: the last part of the conducting zone
Respiratory: first part of the respiratory zone
Describe what helps the main bronchi open
main bronchi are supported by incomplete hyaline cartilage rings
-keep the main bronchi open
-the support lessens as the bronchi divide
What do the bronchioles have instead of cartilage?
-have thicker layer of smooth muscle
What is bronchoconstriction?
-muscle contraction will narrow the diameter of the bronchioles
-less air gets through
-less entry of potentially harmful substances
What is bronchodilation?
muscle relaxation increases the diameter of the bronchioles
more air gets through
difference between bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation?
bronchoconstriction: less air gets through, less entry of potentially harmful substances
bronchodilation: more air gets through
Asthma
episodes of bronchoconstriction
Symptoms: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, excess mucus
-localized immune response in the bronchi and bronchioles
walls become permanently thickened
treated: with inhaled steroids or bronchodilators
can be exercise inducted
can grow out of asthma
describe the general anatomy of the respiratory zone
-microscopic
-respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts
-lead to alveolar sacs
-clusters of alveoli
what type of epithelium is found in these structures?
respiratory bronchioles= simple cuboidal
alveoli and alveolar ducts=simple squamous
thinner so better gas exchange
describe the general structure of the alveoli
300-400 million per lung
alveolar pores provide openings for collateral ventilation
-surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
what is the alveoli divided by and what type of fibers does it have?
divided by interalveolar septum and has elastic fibers
what are the three cell types found in the alveoli?
alveolar type 1 -squamous
alveolar type 2 cells- septal cells
alveolar macrophages-dust cells
what is the function of Alveolar type one?
-most common, 95% pf alveolar surface area**
-alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane
what is the function of alveolar type 2 cells ?
-secrete pulmonary surfactant**
-oil that coats inside of alveolus
-prevents collapse during expiration**
what is the function of alveolar macrophages?
leukocytes that are fixed to the wall or free to migrate
Respiratory membrane
thin barrier separating air in the alveoli from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
what are the components of the respiratory structure membrane and how are they connected?
-Alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane
-capillary epithelium and its basement membrane
-basement membranes are fused together
explain how gas moves moves across the membrane
-oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the capillaries
picked up by erythrocytes
-carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveolus
gets released into the external enviorment
pneumonia
infection of the lungs causes alveoli to full with fluid, exudate, or pus
due to bacterial and viral infection
symptoms of pneumonia
cough, fever, difficulty breathing, weakness, chills, increased heart rate, chest pain when inhale
if symptoms are mild with pneumonia what is this called?
walking pneumonia
who does pneumonia normally affect?
illness tends to last longer in older and immunocompromised individuals
Describe the location of the lungs
-in the thorax, either side of mediastinum
-house of the bronchial tree and all respiratory structures
describe the general anatomy of the lungs
-concave base is on the diaphragm
-apex is just behind the clavicle
what are the surfaces of the lung?
costal surface- next to the ribs
mediastinal surface- next to mediastinum
diaphragmatic surface- next to diaphragm
what is the helium and what is found there?
-indent on mediastinal side
-bronchi, pulmonary vessels, ANS nerves, lymph vessels all pass through
also called the root
what is found in the helium?
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, ANS nerves, lymph vessels
Describe the lobes right lung
larger and wider
three lobes
describe the fissures of the right lung
horizontal fissures- separates superior and middle lobe
oblique fissure- separates middle and inferior lobe
what are the three surface indentations of the left lung?
cardiac impression
cardiac notch
impression for aorta
cardiac impression
medial surface to accommodate heart
cardiac notch
anterior surface to accommodate heart
impression for aorta
on medial surface
what are the two lobes in the left lung and their functions
oblique fissure-: fissure separates superior and inferior lobes
lingula- projects from the superior lobe
Bronchopulmonary segments:
How many segments are there?
Right lung: 10
left lung: 8-10
Bronchopulmonary segments:
what does each have?
-supplied by its own segmental bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, and lymph vessels
-encapsulated with connected tissue
-organized into lobules supplied by terminal bronchiole
Bronchopulmonary segments: what is a lobule and what does each have?
Bronchopulmonary segments: How are the segments divided?
what does smoking lead to changes in?
Name three
respiratory infection
cellular and genetic changes in the lungs
emphysema
cancer in the lungs, esophagus,stomach, pancreas
stomach ulcers
atherosclerosis
low birth weight babies
poor delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all tissues
second hand smoking is linked to:
bronchitis
asthma
ear infections
Lung cancer
-highly aggressive, frequently fatal
-smoking cause 85% of lung cancers
what are some symptoms of lung cancer?
chronic cough
coughing up blood
excess pulmonary mucus
increased pulmonary infections
What is the purpose of the pulmonary circulation?
replenishes oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Describe the pulmonary circulation pathway
-pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries
-blood gets reoxygenated
-blood enters pulmonary venules and veins, returns to the left atrium
what is the purpose of the bronchial circulation pathway?
transports oxygenated blood to the lungs own tissues
describe the bronchial circulation
-Bronchial arteries branch off the descending aorta
-bronchial veins collect venous blood and drain into pulmonary veins
where are the lymphatic drainage located?
lymph vessels and nodes are located in the lungs connective tissues, around the bronchi, and in the pleura
what are three functions of the lymphatic drainage?
-remove excess fluid from the lungs
-filter lymph through lymph nodes
-collects particles and pollutants that were not removed by the cilicia
autonomic nervous system innervates the smooth muscles and glands. what are the two nervous system inputs that intervate in the lymphatic drainage ?
sympathetic- input from T1-T5
parasympathetic input from vagus nerve
what is the pleura?
serous membrane lining the lung surface and the thoracic wall
what tissues make up the pleura?
simple squamous epithelium
areolar connective tissue
what are the two pleuras?
visceral and parietal
where are the pleuras found?
visceral: on the lung surface
parietal: internal thoracic walls
lateral surface of mediastinum
superior surface of diaphragm
why is it beneficial that each lung has its own pleural membrane?
limits spread of infection between lungs
where is the pleural cavity?
between the visceral and parietal serous membrane
why is the pleural cavity called the potential space?
when the lungs are inflated the layers are almost touching
what does the pleural cavity produce?
serous fluid
what is the function of the serous fluid?
-covers the surface of the cavity]
-lubricates surfaces so that they can easily slide
-continuously drained by lymph
Describe pleurisy and its key components
inflammation of the pleural membranes
-severe chest pain when breathing
-inflamed membranes will have increased friction
-usually one side only
describe pleural effusion and its key components
is when there is excess fluid in the pleural cavity
symptoms: shortness of breath and chest pain
-can be due to systemic factors
left sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis of the liver
-also due to lung cancer or lung infections
describe intrapleural pressure and its components
between the membranes is low.
-chest wall is able to expand outward
-lungs will cling to the chest wall because of the surface tension of the serous fluid
-elastic tissue pulls the lungs inward
Define intrapulmonary pressure
in the alveoli is greater
-lungs remain inflated
define atelectasis and its components
is a collapsed lung
-intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures equalize due to air in the pleural cavity
-need to remove air from the pleural space
What is pneumothorax?
is when there is air in the pleural cavity
what are components of the pneumothorax?
-penetrating wound can introduce air externally
-ribs can lacerate the lung or alveolus can rupture, introducing air internally
-intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures equalize
small ones will resolve on their own but large ones are a medical emergency
