Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards
What are the general functions of the cardiovascular system?
Made of the heart and blood vessels
transports blood throughout the body
provided adequate perfusion throughout the body
Define perfusion
Delivery of blood per unit time per gram of tissue. Typically expressed in milliliters per minute per gram
Differentiate between the left and right sides.
Right side: pumps to lungs Right atrium, right ventricle
Left side: pumps to body left atrium, left ventricle
Differentiate between the two types of chambers
Atrium: receiving chamber
ventricle: pumping chamber
Function of right atrium
receives deoxyegnated blood from the body
function of right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
FUNCTION OF LEFT ATRIUM
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
FUNCTION OF LEFT VENTRICLE
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GREAT VESSELS
To transport blood to and from the heart
DEFINE GREAT VESSELS
The great vessels are the large veins and arteries that are directly attached to the heart
NAME THE GREAT VESSELS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ON THE RIGHT SIDE
Superior and inferior vena cava: drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
Pulmonary trunk: receives deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle.
NAME THE GREAT VESSELS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ON THE LEFT SIDE
pulmonary veins: drain oxygenated blood into left atrium
aorta: receives oxygenated blood pumped from left ventricle.
What is the function of the valves?
ensure one way flow through the heart
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve: between right atrium and right ventricle (Tricuspid)
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle (bicuspid aka mitral)
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve: right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve: between left ventricle and aorta
WHAT IS THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION PATHEWAY?
deoxygenated blood, right side of the heart, to the lungs and picks up the oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
WHAT IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION PATHWAY?
oxygenated blood, left side of the heart, systemic cells, exchanges gases, nutrients and wastes. systemic cells to the right side of the heart
DESCRIPTION OF LOCATION OF THE HEART WITHIN THE CHEST
Between the lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of the sternum (breast bone)
WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE PERICARDIUM?
fibrous
parietal layer of serous
visceral layer of serous
DESCRIBE EACH LAYER INCLUDING WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IT IS MADE OF AND WHERE IT IS LOCATED
fibrous pericardium: outermost: Dense irregular connective tissue
parietal layer: attaches to fibrous layer to form pericardial sac: simple squamous epithelium and areolar connect tissue
visceral layer: attaches to heart: simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue.
WHAT CAVITY IS BETWEEN THE LAYERS AND WHAT IS IN THE CAVITY?
pericardial cavity between layers of serous pericardium and is separated by serous fluid
WHAT PARTS OF THE HEART CAN BE SEEN FROM AN ANTERIOR VIEW?
Right ventricle and right atrium: right atrium
parts of left ventricle and left atrium, vessels
What vessels are located anteriorly? Be specific
Pulmonary trunk: right and left pulmonary arteries
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta
WHAT PARTS OF THE HEART CAN BE SEEN FROM A POSTERIOR VIEW?
left ventricle and left atrium, posterior interventricular sulus
WHAT VESSELS ARE LOCATED POSTERIORLY? BE SPECIFIC
Pulmonary veins of left atrium
superior and inferior vena cava
pulmonary arteries
coronary sinus in the coronary sulcus
DEFINE CORONARY SULCUS
separates atria from ventricles
DEFINE INTERVENTRICULAR SULCI AND LOCATION
SEPARATES LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES
ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR EXTEND FROM CORONARY SULCUS TOWARDS APEX
WHAT DO INTERVENTRICULAR AND CORONARY SULCUS HAVE IN COMMON?
contain coronary vessels
WHAT PARTS ARE THE HEART ARE THICKER?
ventricles are thicker than the atria
Left ventricle is thicker than the right
WHICH VENTRICLE IS THICKER AND WHY?
left ventricle is thicker because it has to generate enough pressure to force the blood through the systemic circulation.
WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL IN ORDER?
EPICARDIUM:OUTERMOST
MYOCARDIUM:MIDDLE
ENDOCARDIUM:INTERNAL
WHAT ARE THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART AND HOW ARE THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART SEPERATED?
Chambers: left/right atrium
separated: interatrial septum
chambers: left/right ventricles
separated: interventricular septum
WHAT IS THE PECTINATE MUSCLE? LOCATED IN WHICH CHAMBER?
RIDGES ON ANTERIOR WALL AND WITHIN THE AURICLE: RIGHT ATRIUM
WHAT IS THE FOSSA OVALIS AND WHERE IS I LOCATED?
OVAL DEPRESSION ON INTERATRIAL SEPTUM LOCATED IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM
WHY DID THE FORAMEN OVALE EXIST IN THE FETAL HEART?
SHUNTED BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM, BYPASSING THE LUNGS DURING FETAL LIFE
HOW DOES BLOOD GO INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM?
CORONARY SINUS
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
WHAT DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE RIGHT ATRIUM?
RIGHT VENTRICLE THROUGH AV VALVE
WHAT IS THE TRABECULAE CARNEAE?
IRREGULAR MUSCULAR RIDGES IN THE VENTRICLE WALL
WHAT ARE PAPILLARY MUSCLES?
CONE SHAPED PROJECTIONS EXTENDING FROM INTERNAL VENTRICLE WALL. HOLD CHORDAE TENDINEAE
WHAT ARE THE CHORDAE TENDINEAE?
THIN STRANDS OF COLLAGEN FIBERS ALSO KNOWN AS TENDINOUS CORDS
HOW MANY PAPILLARY MUSCLES ARE IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?
TWO TO NINE
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?
THROUGH THE OPEN PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE INTO THE PULMONARY TRUNK, WHICH THEN ENTERS THE PULMONARY ARTERIES
HOW DOES BLOOS GET INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM?
BLOOD ENTERS FROM PULMONARY VEINS
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE LEFT ATRIUM?
BLOOD EXITS TO LEFT VENTRICLE USING AV VALVE(TRICUSPID)
HOW MANY PAPILLARY MUSCLES IN THE LEFT VENTRICLE?
TWO
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE LEFT VENTRICLE?
AORTA THROUGH THE AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
VALVE: WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION
ENSURE ONE WAY BLOOD FLOW
WHAT ARE VALVES MADE OF?
ENDOTHELIUM LINED FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE FLAPS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES?
PREVENT BLOOD FROM GOING BACK INTO ATRIA
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT AND LEFT VALVES ALSO CALLED?
RIGHT AV VALVE: TRICUSPID
LEFT AV VALVE: BICUSPID
WHEN ARE THE VALVES CLOSED?
THE VALVES CLOSE WHEN VENTRICLES CONTRACT
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SEMILUNAR VALVES?
PREVENT BLOOD FROM GOIONG BACK INTO VENTRICLES
WHEN DO SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN AND CLOSE?
OPEN: WHEN VENTRICLES CONTTACT
CLOSE: WHEN VENTRICLES RELAX AND PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIAL TRUNK DECREASES
WHAT ARE THE SEMILUNAR VALVES CALLED?
PULMONARY AND AORTIC
DESCRIBE THE S1 HEART SOUND AND WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE SOUND
LUBB= AV VALVES CLOSING
DESCRIBE THE S2 HEART SOUND AND WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE SOUND
DUPP= SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSING
WHAT IS THE HEART MURMUR?
WHEN BLOOD IS GETTING BACK THROUGH VALVES OR IF VALVES WONT FULLY OPEN
WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS MADE OF THE HEARTS SKELETON?
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DESCRIBES WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SKELETON WHEN THE ATRIA CONTACT AND WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
ATRIAL CONCENTRATION MOVES WALLS INWARD AND VENTRICULAR CONCENTRATION IS A WRINGING MOTION
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HEARTS SKELETON?
ANCHORS VALVES
PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
FRAMEWORK FOR CARDIAC MUSCLE TO ATTACH TO
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VESSELS IN CORONARY CIRCULATION?
CORONARY ARTERIES DELIVER OXYGEN RICH BLOOD TO THE HEART WALLS
CORONARY VEINS: TAKE OXYGEN POOR BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART WALL TOWARDS THE RIGHT ATRIUM
OVERALL: supply blood to the heart
WHERE DO THE CORONARY VESSELS BRANCH OFF OF?
CORONARY ARTERIES BRANCH OFF THE ASCENDING AORTA
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT BRANCHES AND WHAT DOES EACH SUPPLY?
BRANCHES INTO THE RIGHT MARGINAL ARTERY TO SUPPLY THE LATERAL WALL OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE AND POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICUAR ARTERY TO SUPPLY POSTERIOR WALL OF BOTH LEFT/RIGHT VENTRICLE.
WHAT ARE THE LEFT BRANCHES AND WHAT DOES EACH SUPPLY?
THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY TYPICALLY BRANCHES INTO THE CIRCUMFLEX TO SUPPLY THE LATERAL WALL OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE AND THE ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY TO SUPPLY ANTERIOR WALL OF LEFT VENTRICLE AND MOST OF THE INTERVENTTRICULAR SEPTUM
WHAT IS AN ANASTOMOSIS AND WHY ARE THEY BENEFICIAL?
CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO STRUCTURES
THEY ARE BENEFICAL BECAUSE IT CREATES A BACKUP PATHWAY FOR BLOOD FLOW IF SOMETHING BLOCKS A BLOOD VESSEL
WHAT VEIN DRAINS THE HEART? DEOXYGENATED OR OXYGENATED BLOOD?
CORONARY VEINS: DEOXYGENATED
DESCRIBE THE PHYSIOOLOGY OF A HEART ATTACK
PLAQUE BUILDUP IN CORONARY ARTERIES WILL REDUCE BLOOD FLOW AND CAN LEAD TO ANGINA OR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
SHORT,BRANCHED CELLS
1-2 CENTRAL NUCLEI
MYOFILAMENTS ARE ARRANGED INTO SACROMERES
STRIATED
DESCRIBE THE SARCOLEMMA AND ITS FUNCTION
FOLDED CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS
FUNCTION: TO CONDUCT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
DESCRIBE INTERCALATED DISCS AND ITS FUNCTION
MECHANICALLY JOINT CELLS TOGETHER AND ALLOWS IONS TO FLOW THROUGH GAP JUNCTIONS: HEART CAN BE A FUNCTIONAL UNIT
HOW WILL HEART CELLS MAKE ATP?
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHOIRYLATION IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
GENERAL CHARCTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
-INITIATES AND CONDUCTS ELECTRICAL EVENTS
-PROPRT TIMING OF CONTRACTIONS
-CARDIAL MUSCLE CELLS HAVE ACTION POTIENTIALS BUT —DO NOT CONTRACT
-ANS
COMPONETS OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE- PACEMAKER
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV)NODE
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV)BUNDLE
PURKINJE FIBERS
WHERE IS THE CARDIAC CENTER?
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
WHAT SEND SIGNALS INTO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
BARORECEPTORS AND CHEMORECEPTORS ON THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS
WHAT DO THOSE SIGNALS LEAD TO MODIFICATION OF?
MODIFY CARDIAC ACTVITY
RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC INFLUENCE?
DECREASES HEART RATE
WHAT PART OF THE CARDIAC CENTER CAUSES THIS?
CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTER
WHAT IS THE NERVE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC INFLUENCE?
INCREASES HEART RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION
WHAT PART OF THE CARDIO CENTER CAUSES SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
CARDIOACCELERATORY CENTER
WHAT NERVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
USES NEURONS FROM T1-T5 OF SPINAL CORD
HOW IS THE HEART STIMULATED TO CONTRACT?
CONDUCTION SYSTEM INITIATE AND PROPAGATES AN ACTION POTIENTIAL
WHAT PART OF THE HEART CONTRACTS FIRST?
ATRIA FIRST THEN VENTRICLES
WHAT IS THE PACEMAKER POTIENTIAL?
REACH THRESHOLD WITHOUT STIMULUS
HOW IS THE HEARTBEAT INITIATED?
BY THE SA NODAL CELLS
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF STRUCTURES THAT THE ACTION POTIENTIAL PASSES THROUGH?
ATRIA-AV NODE- AV BUNDLE- PURKINJE FIBERS
HOW IS CARDIAC MUSCLE DIFFRENT FROM SKELETAL MUSCLE?
CARDIAC MUSCLE IS LONGER THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE
FEATURES OF AN EKG: P WAVE
P WAVE- ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION ORIGINATING AT SA NODE
FEATURES OF AN EKG: QRS COMPLEX
VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
FEATURES OF AN EKG: T WAVE
VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION
FEATURES OF AN EKG:P-Q SEGMENT
ATRIAL CELLS PLATEAU WHILE ATRIA CONTRACT
FEATURES OF AN EKG:S-T SEGMENT
VENTRICLE CELLS PLATEAU WHILE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
FEATURES OF AN EKG:P-R INTERVAL
TIME BETWEEN ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION AND VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
FEATURES OF AN EKG:Q-T INTERVAL
TIME OF VENTRICULAR ACTION POTIENTIALS
LENGTH: DEPENDS ON HEART RATE
EXPLAIN THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SYSTOLE AND DIASTOLE
SYSTOLE: CONTRACTION
DIASTOLE: RELAXATION
DEFINE CARDIAC CYCLE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS FROM ONE HEARTBEAT TO THE NEXT
EXPLAIN HOW THE CARDIAC CYCLE RELATES TO VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: AV VALVES PUSHED CLOSED AND THE SEMILUNAR VALVES PUSHED OPEN, BLOOD EJECTED ARTERY
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE: VENTRICLE RELAXES- SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE BECAUSE NOTHING IS KEEPING THEM OPEN. AV VALVES OPEN BECAUSE NO PRESSURE IS PUSHING THEM CLOSED.
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ATRIAL CONTRACTION AND VENTRICULAR FILLING?
SA NODE STARTS ATRAL EXCITATION
ATRIA CONTRACT AND PUSH REST OF BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES
VENTRICLE FILL ( END DIASTOLIC VOLUME)
ATRIA RELAX
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION?
PURKINJE FIBERS INITIATE VENTRICULAR EXCITATION
VENTRICLES CONTRACT
VENTRICULAR PRESSURE IS STILL LOWER THAN ARTERIAL TRUNK SO SEMILUNAR VALVES STAY CLOSED.
WHAT HAPPENS DURING VENTRICULAR EJECTION?
VENTRICLES CONTINUE TO CONTRACT AND PRESSURE RISES
SEMILUNAR VALVES ARE FORCED OPEN, BLOOD ,MOVES TO ARTERIAL TRUNKS
STROKE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY VENTRICLE
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION?
VENTRICLES RELAX AND EXPAND, PRESSURE LOWERS
ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS GREATER SO SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE
AV VALVES ARE STILL CLOSED
BLOOD ISNT ENTERING OR LEAVING
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ATRIAL RELAXATION AND VENTRICULAR FILING?
ALL CHAMBERS ARE RELAXED
AREIAL BLOOD PRESSURE FORCES AV VALVES OPEN
BLOOD FLOWS INTO VENTRICLES
SEMILUNAR VALVES REMAIN CLOSED BECASUE ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN VENTRICLES
DEFINE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CHARACTERISTICS
AMOUNT OF BLOOD PUMPED BY A SINGLE VENTRICLE IN ONE MINUTE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
DETERMINED BY HEART RATE AND STROKE VOLUME
RESTING IN CO MUST MEET TISSUE NEEDS
WHAT IS THE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
CHANGED HEART RATE
POSITIVE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS- INCREASE HEART RATE
NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS- DECREASE HEART RATE
WHAT IS STROKE VOLUME INFLUENCED BY?
INFLUENCED BY VENOUS RETURN, INOTROPIC AGENTS, AMD AFTERLOAD
DEFINE VENOUS RETURN AND FUNCTION
VOLUME OF BLOOD RETURNED TO HEART
FUNCTION: DETERMINES PRELOAD, MORE FORCEFUL CONTRACTION
DEFINE INOTROPIC AGENTS
CHANGE STROKE VOLUME BY CHANGING CALCIUM AVAILABLE FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
DEFINE AFTERLOAD
RESISTANCE IN ARTERIES PROPORTIONAL TO PRESSURE NEEDED TO EXCEED BEFORE BLOOD CAN BE EJECTED
DEFFERENCE BETWEEN BRADYCARDIA AND TACHYCARDIA
BRADYCARDIA: LOW RESTING HEART RATE IN ADULTS, BELOW 60 BEATS PER MINUTE
TACHYCARDIA: HIGH RESTING HEART RATE IN ADULTS, OVER 100 BEATS PER MINUTE
WHEN DOES DEVELOPMENT BEGIN?
BEGINS IN THIRD WEEK
WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE EMBRYONIC AND FETAL PERIOD?
EMBRYONIC LUNGS NOT FUNCTIONAL SO BLOOD IS SHUNTED FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM
BLOOD IS SHUNTED FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM. WHAT IS THIS CALLED?
FORAMEN OVALE
IT OCCUPIES THE FORMER LOCATION OF THE FETAL FORAMEN OVALE
FOSSA OVALIS
ATRIAL SEPTAL DETECT
STILL OPENING BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIA, SO BLOOD IS SHUNTING THERE
CAN CAUSE RIGHT SIDE OF HEART TO ENLARGE
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
IF INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM NOT COMPLETELY FORMED
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
NARROW PULMONARY TRUNK
AORTA OVERLAPPING VENTRICLE
ENLARGEMENT OF RIGHT VENTRICLE
