CHAPTER 22: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
NAME FIVE INFECTIOUS AGENTS
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
FUNGI
PROTOZOANS
MULTICELLULAR PARASITES
DEFINE BACTERIA. PROVIDE EXAMPLE
MOST ARE HARMLESS, SOME VIRULENT (CAN CAUSE SERIOUS ILLNESS)
EX: TETANUS, STREP THROAT
DESCRIBE VIRUSES. PROVIDE EXAMPLE
HAVE DNA OR RNA IN A PROTEIN SHELL, SMALLER THAN CELLS, MUST GET INTO A CELL REPLICATE
EX: COMMON COLD, EBOLA, CHICKEN BOX (HERPES)
DESCRIBE FUNGI. PROVIDE EXAMPLE
RELEASE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND CASUE SUPERFICIAL DISEASES OR CAN AFFECT MUCOSAL LININGS AND LEAD TO INTERNAL INFECTION
EX: RINGWORM, YEAST
DESCRIBE PROTOZOANS
PROVIDE EXAMPLE
INTRACELLULAR OR EXTRACELLULAR
EX: MALARIA
TRICHOMONIASIS
DESCRIBE MULTICELLULAR PARASITES
PROVIDE EXAMPLE
NONMICROSCOPIC, TAKE NORISHMENT FROM THEIR HOST
EX: TAPEWORM
WHAT BLOOD CELL HAS IMMUNE FUNCTION?
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
TRUE OR FALSE: LEUKOCYTES ARE FORMED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
TRUE
What are the two classes of leukocytes?
granulocytes, agranulocytes
what cells fit into the granulocytes? choose all that apply
a.neutrophils
b.platelets
c.eosinophils
d. basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what cells fit into agranulocytes?
monocytes, lymphocytes
I become macrophages when i leave blood. what am i called?
monocytes
list the three types of lymphocytes
B
T
NK cells
immune cells are found in the body tissues not in the blood. choose all that apply that will best fit the area where they will be found:
skin and mucous membrane
connective tissue
organs
red blood cells
primary lymphoid structure
secondary lymphoid structure
skin and mucous membrane (dendritic cells)
connective tissue (mast cells)
organs
secondary lymphoid structure
I am a small protein that regulates immune activity, short half life, released from one cell to bind to another cell. What am I ?
cytokines
what structures will affect the cytokines?
signal cells(immune and non-immune)
control development of immune cells
regulate inflammatory response
destroy cells
DEFINE INNATE IMMUNITY
PRESENT AT BIRTH
DOES NOT NEED EXPOSURE
NONSPECIFIC PROTECTION
RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY TO POTIENTAL HARM
EX; SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE BARRIERS-FEVER
DEFINE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED
SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS
CELLS RESPOND TO SPECIFIC FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
TAKES SEVERAL DAYS
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
IS THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
EX: PHYSICAL BARRIER
SWEAT, SEBUM, MUCUS, ANTIMICROBIALS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
IS INTERNAL PROCESSES
EX; CELLS, CHEMICALS AND COMPLEMENT, INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE INNATE OR ADAPTIVE?
PROVIDE EXAMPLE
INNATE; IT IS EXTERNAL; FEVER
IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE INNATE OR ADAPTIVE?
PROVIDE EXAMPLES
ADAPTIVE; INTERNAL;
CELLS
CHEMICALS AND COMPLEMENT
INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
CYTOKINES THAT INTERFERE WITH THE SPREAD OF INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS.
-PREVENT INFECTION IN NEIGHBORING CELLS
-TRIGGER NK CELLS
INTERFERONS
SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
REDNESS
HEAT
SWELLING
PAIN
LOSS OF FUNCTION
WHAT IS UNFLAMMATION A SIGN OF?
TISSUE DAMAGE
WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION?
ACUTE: SIGNS OF HEALING 8-10 DAYS
CHRONIC: HAS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
T/F: INFLAMMATION IS A POSITIVE FEEDBACK
TRUE
Why should you let a low grade fever run its course but not let a high grade fever run its course?
A LOW FEVER WILL TURN BACK TO ITS NORMAL TEMP BUT A HIGH GRADE FEVER CAUSE HAVE HIGH RISKS SUCH AS SEIZURES
Explain what process leads to the development of a fever and the steps of feedback that exist to maintain the fever and then end the fever.
-pyrogens target hypothalamus which will release prostaglandin E2
-hypothalamus raises temperatures set point
-fever starts, temp starts to rise
-elevated temp is maintained
-metabolic rate increases
-temp returns to normal
What are the benefits of fever?
inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, promotes interferon activity, increases adaptive immunity, accelerates tissue repair
what is elevated body temperature?
to release of pyrogens from immune cells
what is a immunoglobulins and what are their function?
proteins that are produced against a particular antigen
function: tag pathogens that need to be destroyed by the immune system
name the five major classes of immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
antibody actions: define neutralization
is it good for bacteria or viruses?
antibody that covers the pathogen and makes it ineffective at establishing an infection
-it is good for viruses
antibody actions: define agglutination
is it good for viruses or bacteria?
antibody crosslinks foreign cells together and causes clumping
-good for bacteria
antibody actions: define precipitation
antibody forms complex with the antibody and then precipitates out of the body fluids
Immunoglobulins: IgG
75-85% of the antibodies in the blood and other body fluids
participates in all types of antibody actions
crosses the placenta (small in size)
found in colostrum
-baby has some antibodies as mother for about the first 6 months of life
mostly found in blood
largest
responsible for rejection of mismatched transfusions
first antibody to appear when exposed to a new antigen
acute phase antibody
Immunoglobulins: IgM
exposed to the environment
helps prevent pathogens from getting through epithelium
protects respiratory and gi tract
Immunoglobulins: IgA
antigen specific B lymphocytes receptor
recognizes when immature b lymphocytes are ready for activation
usually associated with IgM
binds and activates basophils and mast cells
antimicrobial response in respiratory system
Immunoglobulins: IgD
formed in response to parasites and allergic reactions
causes release of products from basophils and mast cells
attracts eosinophils
associated with defense against venom
Immunoglobulins: IgE
active immunity: what does this type of immunity develop?
direct encounter with pathogen
T/F- active immunity: there can be a natural exposure to the antigen or be artificial through a vaccine
true
what forms activate immunity?
memory cells against a specific antigen
passive immunity: what does this type of immunity develop?
when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system;
natural transfer of antibodies from mother to baby( through placenta or milk)
passive immunity: What are some exposures that lead to this type of immunity?
-natural transfer of antibodies from mother to baby( through placenta or milk)
-artificially using serum from one person to another
( antibodies to snake venom)
