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APR > Chapter 23 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three processes required for respiration to occur?

A

Ventilation (breathing)
External (pulmonary) respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration

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2
Q

What is included in the structural division of the Respiratory system?

A

Upper resp system - Nose, pharynx and associated structures

Lower resp system- larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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3
Q

What is included in the functional division of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone - brings air to where the gas exchange will occur
Respiratory zone - where gas exchange occurs

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4
Q

What is the order of the branches of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - Bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Which lung has three lobes?

A

Right

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6
Q

Which structure is responsible for passageway for air, food and water

A

Pharynx

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7
Q

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

What is the name of the law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation?

A

Boyle’s law

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9
Q

Where is the site for primary gas exchange

A

The Alveoli

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10
Q

Which type of tissue maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system

A

Mucous membranes

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11
Q

Which type of tissues functions in the inner lining layer of the conducting organs

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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12
Q

What is the name of the point where the trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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13
Q

Which type of tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are the cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant

A

Type II alveolar cells

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15
Q

What is the order of the microscopic airways

A

Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli

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16
Q

Where does the conducting zone end?

A

At the terminal bronchioles

17
Q

At rest, when the diaphragm is relaxed, alveolar pressure is…

A

Equal to atmospheric pressure and there is no airflow

18
Q

What are the steps in inhalation/inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
  2. Chest cavity expands and the alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
  3. Air flows into the lungs in response to the pressure gradient and the lung volume expands
  4. During deep inhalation, the scalene and SCM muscles expands the chest further, creating a greater drop in alveolar pressure
19
Q

What are the steps in Expiration/exhalation

A

Diaphragm relaxes, ext intercostals relax
Chest and lungs recoil, chest cavity contracts, alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
Air flows out of lungs in response to the pressure gradient and lung volume decreases.
During forced exhalation, the int intercostals and abdominal mm contract, reducing the size of chest cavity further and creates a greater increase in alveolar pressure

20
Q

What is the dominant method of C02 transport

A

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

21
Q

What is normal quiet breathing controlled by?

A

Poutine respiratory group

Medullary respiratory centre dorsal and ventral group

22
Q 
Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin‘s affinity for oxygen?
A) PH of blood
B) partial pressure of oxygen 
C) amount of oxygen available 
D) temperature 
E) respiratory rate
A

E) respiratory rate

23
Q 
Normal quiet breathing is controlled by what?
A) pontine respiratory group 
B) medullary resp centre dorsal group 
C) medullary resp centre ventral grp
D) dorsal and ventral group
E) all of the above
A

E) all of the above

24
Q

What is the name of a forced exhalation against a closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating?

A

Valsalva maneuver

25
Q

What is this describing: an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?

A

Laughing

26
Q

What is this describing: a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation where the rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation

A

Sobbing

27
Q

Which body system helps the respiratory system with regulation of pH of body fluids

A

Urinary

28
Q

Which of the following is not a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation?
A) lung compliance
B) surface tension of alveolar fluid
C) elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
D) airway resistance
E) all of the above affect the pulmonary ventilation

A

E) all of the above

29
Q

What is the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli

A

Oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood

30
Q

What is the sum of residual and the expiratory reserve volume called?

A

Functional residual capacity

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depend on?
A) partial pressure differences
B) surface area for gas exchange
C) diffusion distance
D) molecular weight and solubility of gases
E) force of contraction of diaphragm

A

E) force of contraction of diaphragm

32
Q

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin_______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _____

A

Decreases, increases

APR (9 decks)

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