Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the three processes required for respiration to occur?
Ventilation (breathing)
External (pulmonary) respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration
What is included in the structural division of the Respiratory system?
Upper resp system - Nose, pharynx and associated structures
Lower resp system- larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What is included in the functional division of the respiratory system?
Conducting zone - brings air to where the gas exchange will occur
Respiratory zone - where gas exchange occurs
What is the order of the branches of the bronchial tree?
Trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - Bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
Which lung has three lobes?
Right
Which structure is responsible for passageway for air, food and water
Pharynx
Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
What is the name of the law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation?
Boyle’s law
Where is the site for primary gas exchange
The Alveoli
Which type of tissue maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system
Mucous membranes
Which type of tissues functions in the inner lining layer of the conducting organs
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What is the name of the point where the trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi?
Carina
Which type of tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?
Simple squamous epithelium
What are the cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant
Type II alveolar cells
What is the order of the microscopic airways
Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
Where does the conducting zone end?
At the terminal bronchioles
At rest, when the diaphragm is relaxed, alveolar pressure is…
Equal to atmospheric pressure and there is no airflow
What are the steps in inhalation/inspiration
- Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
- Chest cavity expands and the alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
- Air flows into the lungs in response to the pressure gradient and the lung volume expands
- During deep inhalation, the scalene and SCM muscles expands the chest further, creating a greater drop in alveolar pressure
What are the steps in Expiration/exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes, ext intercostals relax
Chest and lungs recoil, chest cavity contracts, alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
Air flows out of lungs in response to the pressure gradient and lung volume decreases.
During forced exhalation, the int intercostals and abdominal mm contract, reducing the size of chest cavity further and creates a greater increase in alveolar pressure
What is the dominant method of C02 transport
Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
What is normal quiet breathing controlled by?
Poutine respiratory group
Medullary respiratory centre dorsal and ventral group
Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin‘s affinity for oxygen? A) PH of blood B) partial pressure of oxygen C) amount of oxygen available D) temperature E) respiratory rate
E) respiratory rate
Normal quiet breathing is controlled by what? A) pontine respiratory group B) medullary resp centre dorsal group C) medullary resp centre ventral grp D) dorsal and ventral group E) all of the above
E) all of the above
What is the name of a forced exhalation against a closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating?
Valsalva maneuver
