Chapter 1&2

Question 1

What is the definition of embryology

Answer 1

The first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

Question 2

What is dissociation?

Answer 2

When inorganic salts, acids and bases dissolve in water, they separate into ions and become surrounded by water

Question 3

What is an acid?

Answer 3

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions H+, one or more anions OH-

Question 4

What is a base

Answer 4

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions OH+, one or more cations

Question 5

What is a salt?

Answer 5

A substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

Question 6

What do acids and bases react with one another to form?

Answer 6

Salt and water

Question 7

What is the pH value of blood?

Answer 7

7:35-7:45

Question 8

What is the pH value of urine?

Answer 8

4.6-8.0

Question 9

What is the pH value of gastric juice?

Answer 9

1.2-3.0

Question 10

What is the pH value of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 10

7.4

Question 11

What is the carbonic acid bicarbonate system?

Answer 11

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) can act as a weak acid and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) this buffer system compensates for either an excess or shortage of H+

Question 12

If there is an excess H+ (acidic condition)

Answer 12

The HCO3- can function as a weak base removing the excess H+ and HCO3- = H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 13

If there is a shortage of H+ (alkaline condition)

Answer 13

H2CO3 can function as a weak acid and provide the needed H+ H2CO3 = H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

Question 14

What is the most abundant buffer system in the body?

Answer 14

Protein buffer system- most important is hemoglobin in the RBC’s

Question 15

What is the phosphate buffer system important for?

Answer 15

Intercellular fluid and urine

Question 16

What is the pH of milk

Answer 16

6.8

Question 17

What is the pH of semen

Answer 17

7.20-7.60

Question 18

What are the characteristics of organic compounds?

Answer 18

Always contain carbon 
Have covalent bonds
Usually contain hydrogen 
Many organic molecules are relatively large
Have unique jobs with complex functions

Question 19

What are macromolecules?

Answer 19

Small organic molecules (monomers) can combine into very large macromolecules (polymers)
Are produced in the cells by dehydration synthesis
Can be broken down by hydrolysis

Question 20

What are the 4 types of carbs?

Answer 20

Sugar
Starches
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 21

What are the important organic compounds in the body?

Answer 21

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Adenosine triphosphate ATP

Question 22

How much of the body’s mass in lean adults is made up of lipids?

Answer 22

18-25% mostly insoluble in water except some fatty acids

Question 23

To become more water soluble in the blood they combine with ———- resulting in ——-

Answer 23

Proteins

Lipoproteins