chapter 23 Endicore System Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Insulin resistance
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Decrease in ADH
Cause of pituitary dwarfism
Decrease in childhood GH
Estrogen replacement drug derived from the urine of a pregnant mare
Premarin
Synthetic progesterone known as progestin
Depo-provera
Side effect of anabolic steroids in women only
Amenorrhea
Humalog is a ____ acting insulin
Rapid
Propylthiouracil is a treatment for
Hyperthyrpidism
Homeostasis
Stable and constant environment
Polydipsia
Ingestion of abnormally large amounts of fluid
Negative feed back
Process which the body is able to return to homeostasis
Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
Clcocorticoides and mineralocorticoides
Pituitary gigantism
Condition resulting from excess of GH in childhood, causing the child to grow excessively and to be bigger in all areas of the body (height, weight, size)
Acromegaly
Excessive secretion of GH during adult years, characterized by enlarged breed bones, hands, feet and jaws with prominent forehead and large nose
Type 2 diabetes
Results from insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency
Gestational diabetes
Affects 4% of pregnant women
Type 1 diabetes
Body fails to produce insulin
Cushing’s syndrome
Body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for long periods of time
Graves’ disease also known as
Thyroid eye disease or thyroidorbitopathy
Addison’s disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, in some cases aldosterone
Goiter is caused by
Decrease in iodine
Endocrine system
Internal communication system that consists of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, other hormone-producing cells and glands, hormones, and receptors
Major driving force of endocrine system
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Controls thyroid parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.
Hypothalamus
Controls activity of pituitary gland
Pancreas
Secretes hormones and digestive enzymes
Hormones
Messengers to the cells though the bloodstream
Two groups of hormones
Steroids, peptides and amines
Steroids
Slow-acting
Long lasting
Names usually end in rone (testosterone, progesterone)
Peptides and amines
Made of protein
Fast acting
Short lived
Include insulin and ADH
Feedback control
Hormones are secreted only when levels are low based on feedback control
Releasing factors
Hormones sent to the pituitary gland to stimulate the release of hormones produced in the anterior lobe
Tropic hormone
Growth hormone, stimulating hormone: stimulate glands to produce other hormones or perform an activity
Oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone (ADH) produced in the
Hypothalamus, stores in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine (TH)
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates
Growth hormone (GH)
Somatosatin inhibits
Growth hormone (GH)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates
Both luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH
Pineal gland
Small pine cone shaped area in the brain responsible for producing hormones, main hormone is melatonin - responsible for sleep and wake cycles
FSH/LH stimulates
Gonads (gametogenesis and steroid production)
GH is sent to all body parts for
Linear growth and intermediate metabolism
ACTH is sent to adrenal gland to
Cause growth of adrenal cortex ad synthesis and secretion of cortisol
Prolactin stimulates
Mammary gland to produce milk during and after pregnancy
Somatomammotrophs
Somatotrophs - GH or somatropin
Mammotrophs - lacotrophs or PRL
Glycoproteins
Thyrotrophs - THS or thyrotropin
Gonadotrophs - LH and FSH
Corticotrophs - ACTH or corticotropin
Pro - opiomealnocortin - ACTH, LPH, endorphins
Thyroid
Small gland in front of the neck made up of two lobes along windpipe connected by the isthmus.
Two types of cells make up thyroid tissue
Follicular cells - secrete iodine containing hormone called thyroxine (T4) And triiodothyronine (T3)
Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin
T3 vs T4
Thyroid produces about 80% T4 and about 20% T3 but T3 possesses about four times the strength of T4
Iodine is needed by
The thyroid gland
T4 & T3 are made from
Combined iodine and amino acid tyrosine
Thyroid affects the body and functions of growth such as
Thermogenesis, growth and development, nervous system, heart
Parathyroid gland
Help control amount of blood calcium in the body and how much calcium the body produces
Adrenal gland
Located in upper part of each kidney, inner part known as adrenal medulla and outer part known as adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla secretes
Epinephrine
Adrenal cortex secretes
Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)
Adrenocorticosteroids
Corticosteroids or simply steroids
Glucocorticosteroids
Treat inflammation, or allergic conditions
Three factors induce the hypothalamus to secrete release of ACTH
Sleep - wake cycle
Stress
Negative feed back
Glucocorticoids regulate
Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
Mineralcorticoids regulate
Electrolyte or salt and fluid balance of the body
Aldosterone
Most important mineralocorticoid, SOA is in the distal tubules of the kidneys, this hormone increases reabsorption of sodium ions
Gonads
GnRH is released by hypothalamus that precipitates the onset o sexual maturity in both male and females and normal reproduction. Stimulates production of sex hormones.
Female sex hormones
Estrogen is responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics as well as formation of osteoblasts, inhibition of osteoclasts, and bone loss.
Progesterone prepares uterine lining
Oxytocin stimulates uterus to start contracting at beginning of labor
Prolactin signals mammary gland to produce milk
Male sex hormones (androgens)
Masculinization hormone, testosterone produced in testes. Major function is development of male sex organs and maintain secondary sex characteristics of the male.
Progesterone helps in maintaining healthy prostate
After menopause
Estrogen is most active estrogen, made in adrenal gland only
Estrogens
Reduce LDL and increase HDL, reduce risk of MI and stroke, have bone promoting effects
Testosterone also produces
An anabolic effect that promotes synthesis and retention of proteins for muscle and bone
FDA approved steroid uses
Weight gain for chronic conditions
Relief of bone pain associated with osteoporosis
Corticosteroid induced catabolism
Hereditary angiodemea
Severe antimetastic breast cancer
Hypogonadism (HRT replacement)
Stimulate puberty in boys who are late starting puberty naturally
Cryptochidism (failure of one or both testicles to descend)
Angioedema
Autosomal dominant disorder, reoccurring episodes of swelling of the face, extremities, genitalia, bowel wall, upper respiratory tract, caused by defiant or nonfunctional C1 esterase inhibitor
Risk and benefits of HRT
Risk: estrogen increases risk of blood clots, gallbladder disease, uterine cancers, breast cancer
Benefit: relief from hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, irritability
Priapism
Painful, extended duration erection
Side effects of anabolic steroids
Edema, weight gain
Jaundice due to increased concentration of bilirubin in liver
Hepatic carcinoma after prolonged used
High cholesterol and associated diseases
Increased or decreased libido
Chills
decreased glucose tolerance
Increased serum levels of LDL decreased levels of HDL
Increases excretion of creatine and creatinine
High levels of testosterone in women
Acne Facial hair Increase in body hair (permanent) Deepening of voice (permanent) Amenorrhea or menstrual irregularities Enlargement of clitoris (permanent) Uterine atrophy Shrinkage of breast size Masculinization of female fetuses in pregnant women
High levels of testosterone in men
Infertility Impotence Increase frequency of erections Prepubertal penis enlargement Testicular atrophy (shrinkage) Decline in testicular function and decrease in spermatogensis Decrease in seminal volume Chromic priapism Epidymitis Bladder irritability Gynecomastia (enlarged breast) and nipple tenderness
Hyperparthyroidism
Condition that includes an increased amount of parathyroid hormone (PHT)
Hypothyroidism
Does not produce enough of either T3 or T4
Hypoparathyroidism
Non functioning of the parathyroid gland
Osteoporosis
Lack of calcium in body leads to weak and brittle bones
Cretinism
Under active thyroid gland, caused by lack of fetal or childhood TH secretion, may also be due to lack of iodine
Myxedema (secondary hypothyroidism)
Deficiency of TH due to the lack of secretion of TSH by pituitary gland or lack of TRH from hypothalamus
