Cardiovascular, circulatory and lymph: week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body is the
A
Right atrium
2
Q
Chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body is the
A
Left ventricle
3
Q
Chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs is the
A
Left atrium
4
Q
Chamber of the heart that a pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the
A
Right ventricle
5
Q
Strongest changer of the heart is the
A
Left ventricle
6
Q
The sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure is
A
Hypertension
7
Q
What stage of hypertension has a systolic reading of 160 or higher
A
Stage 2 hypertension
8
Q
What is the normal range for blood pressure
A
120 / 80
9
Q
Condition which the heart pumps out less blood then it receives is
A
Congestive heart failure
10
Q
A condition in which the oxygen rich blood is stopped, blocked, or restricted to a specific part of the body
A
Ischemia
11
Q
Irregular patterns in the beating of the heart or change in the force of the speed of the hearts contractions
A
Arrhythmias
12
Q
What classification of drugs are used to increase the force of myocardial contractions without causing an increase in the consumption of oxygen
A
Cardiac glycosides
13
Q
Classification of hypertension drugs are used to eliminate excess sodium and water via urinary tract
A
Diuretics
14
Q
Classification of drugs allow more blood to exit the heart, preventing congestion and increasing cardiac output
A
Vasodilators
15
Q
Classification of drugs block the conversion of AI to AII, keeping the blood vessels from constriction and blood pressure from increasing
A
ACE inhibitors
16
Q
The heart pumps approximately how many gallons of blood per day
A
1,900 gal
17
Q
What is a fluid filled sack that surrounds and perfects the heart
A
Pericardium
18
Q
The inner most heart wall and covers the inside surface of the heart
A
Endocardium
19
Q
Surrounds the heart and causes the chambers to contact
A
Myocardium
20
Q
Beta 2 receptors are found in the
A
Lungs
21
Q
Beta 1 receptors are found in the
A
Heart
22
Q
Occurs when there is an insufficient blood flow to the heart via the right or left coronary artery
A
CAD Coronary Artery Disease
23
Q
Type of drug breaks down blood clots by reversing clotting order and interfering with the synthesis of clotting factors
A
T-PA
24
Q
Drug used as an antidote for heparin overdose
A
Protamine sulfate
25
A drug used an an antidote for thrombolytic overdose
Aminocaproic acid
26
Cholesterol is synthesized in the
Liver
27
“Bad” cholesterol
Low - density lipoproteins or LDN
28
“Good” cholesterol
High - density lipoproteins or HDL
29
Cholesterol level of 225 mg/dl would be considered
Borderline high cholesterol
30
Drugs used to prevent the progression of coronary artery disease by lowering plasma lipid levels
Angihyperlipidemics
31
Purpose of the heart is to pump what kind of blood though the body
Oxygen rich blood
32
The conduction system controls the what of the hearts contractions
Speed
33
A persons is considered to have normal blood pressure if their systolic reading is
Less than 120
34
Direct is lower blood pressure by decreasing And blood force against the vessel walls
Blood volume
35
Peripheral vasodilators work directly on blood vessels in what area treating moderate to severe hypertension
Arms & legs
36
Trade name for isoxsuprine HCL
Voxsuprine
37
Many ACE inhibitors have the suffix
Pril
38
Angiotensin I what affect on blood pressure
None
39
Cardiac glycosides main mechanism of action is to lock ATP inside the
Myocardium
40
What is known as a natural pacemaker
SA node
41
Blood pressure is measured in
Millimeters of mercury
42
Most commonly used diuretic for CHF
Thiazides diuretics
43
Pericardium
Double layer of serous and fibrous tissue, a fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
44
Right ventricle (RV)
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and drop off waste
45
Right atrium (RA)
Receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs
46
Left ventricle
Strongest chamber, pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body and back to heart
47
Tricuspid valve
Located between RA and the RV
48
Pulmonary valve
Located between RV and the pulmonary artery
49
Mitral or bicuspid valve
Located between left atrium and left ventricle
50
Aortic valve
Located between left ventricle and aorta
51
Arteries
Blood vessels or tubes which oxygenated blood travels
52
Largest artery
Aorta
53
Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood, take blood back to heart then to lungs
54
Capillaries
Network of tiny blood vessels connecting arterioles and carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients to venules
55
Arterioles
Smallest arteries
56
Venules
Smallest veins
57
Heart receives its own oxygen and nutrients from
Coronary arteries
58
Carbon dioxide and waste are removed though
Coronary veins
59
Adult body contains about X liters of blood
5.6
60
Kidneys do what to blood
Filter
61
Leukocyte
White blood cell
62
Heat beats which direction
Top to bottom
63
Venous blood
Contains waste, primarily CO2 and is dark red
64
Arterial blood
Oxygenated blood to feed and nourish the bloody tissue
65
Pulmonary artery & pulmonary vein
Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart
66
Semilunar aortic valve
Leads blood to aorta
67
Bicuspid valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle
68
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Specialized nodal tissue provides energy in the form of electricity to heart making the heart muscle pump/contract
69
Autorhythmicity
Allows heart to generate its own electrical stimulation
70
Diastole
Ventricles are relaxed
71
Systole
Ventricles contract
72
Cardiac cycle
Diastole / systole
73
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, specifically below 90/60
74
Causes of low blood pressure
Advanced diabetes, anaphylaxis, heart arrhythmia, dehydration, fainting, heart attack, heart failure
75
Drugs that impact low blood pressure
Alcohol, anti-anxiety meds, anti-depressants, diuretics, high BP meds, painkillers
76
Hypertension
Sustained elevation of systemic artery / high blood pressure
77
Blood pressure is
The force against the arterial walls when the heart beats (systole), relaxes (diastole)
78
Hypertension symptoms
Severe headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, fatigue
79
Risk factors of hypertension
Obesity, high sodium diet, lack of physical activity, stress, excessive alcohol, genetics, age, race
80
HTN increases risk of
Heart disease, liver failure, heart attack, stroke
81
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Fails to cycle all blood it receives
82
CHF cause
Decreased contractility of myocardium, weak muscle
83
CHF causes the heart to
Stretches and enlarge due to back up of blood, weakening the heart muscle with ever increasing amounts of blood backing up
84
CHF symptoms
Upright posture or leaning forward, anxiety and restlessness, cyanotic (bluish) clammy skin, persistent cough, rapid breathing, fast heart relate, edema of lower limbs
85
Ischemia
Oxygen rich blood is stoped, blocked or restricted to specific area
86
Ischemia can cause
Myocardial infarction
87
Temporary blood shortage (oxygen deprivation) to the heart
Angina pectoris - pain in chest and heart area
88
Angina pectoris
Short term blood shortage to heart
89
Myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris usually occur in patent who has developed
CAD coronary artery disease
90
Medications used to treat angina pectoris
Nitrates, b-adrenergic blockers, calcium blockers
91
Nitrates work by
Relaxing smooth muscle, reducing work for left ventricle. Dilate blood vessels and work to end the attacks of chest pain
92
B-adrenergic blockers
Reverse heart action (sympathetic) endured because of physical exertion, stress, and exercise
93
Calcium channel blockers
Keep calcium out of smooth muscle cells and myocytes to make arterial vasodilation and decrease arterial BP. They decrease myocardial contractility resulting in less myocardial oxygen consumption
94
Arrhythmia
Irregular patterns , change in force or speed of hearts contractions
95
Arrhythmia can occurs in
Atrium, ventricle or both, at one time or at irregular intervals
96
Arrhythmia can be caused by
Cardiac disease (CHF, CAD, HTN, MI) or side effects of medication
97
Most serious arrhythmia
Ventricular fibrillation constitutes medical emergency because ventricles cannot contract efficiently to maintain adequate blood circulation resulting in MI or death
98
Slow heartbeats
Bradycardia
99
Fast heartbeats
Tachycardia
100
Class I anti-arrhythmic agent
Local anesthetic effects, slow down heart rate, slow conduction velocity, prolong refractory period, decrease automaticity of heart
101
Class II anti-arrhythmic agent
Beta Adrenergic blockers, slow heart rate, slow conduction velocity, prolong refractory period, decrease automaticity by blocking both release of sympathetic neurotransmitters and their activity
102
Class III anti-arrhythmic agent
Block the effluent of potassium ions during repolarization phases 1-3 prolonging refractory period, decreasing frequency of arrhythmias
103
Class IV anti-arrhythmic agent
Calcium channel blockers or antagonists, block pathways for calcium entry to excitable membranes of heart and blood vessels that develop action potentials. Deceases SA node activity slowing heart rate and conduction velocity of the AV node
104
Treatment of heart disease
Cardiac glycosides, diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, Beta adrenergic blockers, phosphodiesterase
105
Cardiac glycosides
Used to increase force of myocardial contraction without causing increase in consumption of oxygen
106
Derived from digitalis purpurea or digitalis lantana plants
Cardiac glycoside
107
Cardiac glycosides increase
Blood flow & kidney function
108
Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels in the serum
109
Hypercalcemia
High calcium serum levels
110
Thiazide dirutetics
Produce mild to moderate diuretic effects and most commonly used for CHF, edema, HTN, renal impairment
111
Loop diuretics
Work in the loop of Henle with in kidneys, moderate to potent effect often used for acute CHF, edema, HTN, pulmonary edema, nephrotic syndrome
112
Potassium sparing diuretics
Allow water loss without loss of potassium electrolyte, low levels of potassium lead to weak heart muscle. Often used in conjunction with thiazide and loop diuretics
113
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase resulting in reduction of amount of aqueous humor and decrease in intraocular pressure.
114
Vasodilators
Dilate blood vessels
115
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin converting enzyme - (drug of choice for CHF) lower high BP and thought to shrink an enlarged heart, while increasing vital signs.
116
Angiotensin I (AI) vs angiotensin II (AII)
AI has no effect on BP but converted to AII is a natural vasoconstrictor that commences the synthesis I and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium.
117
ACE inhibitors block
Binding of AII and AI by combining with AI
118
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Block AII from getting into the AI receptors in the blood vessels
119
Beta adrenergic blockers
Used to block beta 1 and beta 2 receptors from receiving sympathetic neurotransmitters NE and epinephrine
120
Beta 1 receptors
Found in the heart and stimulated by both neurotransmitters and epinephrine
121
Beta 2 receptors
Found in the lungs and are stimulated by epinephrine but not neurotransmitters
122
When beta 1 receptor is stimulated and separately when beta 2 receptors are stimulated
Heart rate, pulse rate, vasoconstriction, BP, force and contraction, breathing, bronchodilation, oxygen consumption all increase
123
Anti adrenergic agent
Centrally or peripherally acting anti hypertensive agent, inter fear with manufacture of neurotransmitters at nerve endings
124
CAD Coronary artery disease
Insufficient blood flow to heart via right or left coronary artery often leading to thrombi (blood clots)
125
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries
126
Atherosclerosis
Plaque builds up on walls of contrary arteries and hardens them
127
Treatment of CAD
Antiplatlets, anticoagulants, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin inhibitors,
128
Antiplatlets
Lower clotting ability
129
Anticoagulants
Blood thinners
130
Tissue plasminogen activators (t-PAs)
Chemically break down blood clots by reversing clotting order and interfering with clotting factors
131
Triglycerides
Form of energy stored in adipose and muscle tissue
132
Anti hyperlipidemics
Help prevent progression of CAD by lowering plasma lipid levels
133
Lymphatic system
Complete system of lymph organs, nodes, ducts, tissues, vessels, capillaries that transport lymph fluid to circulatory system
134
Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Work in tandem joined by capillary system though which lymph and blood move
135
Blood vs lymph fluid
Blood circulates in closed revolving system. Lymph fluid moved in one direction to eliminate waste such as bacteria, old blood cells, debris, cancer cells
136
Lymph fluid is not pumped
Lymphatic system uses contraction of skeletal muscles to move fluid though lymph vessels
137
Bone marrow
Produces cells called lymphocytes, monocytes, leukocytes
138
Lymph nodes
Areas lymphocytes concentrate along the lymphatic veins
