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Pharmacy Calculations And Body System Theory > Cardiovascular, circulatory and lymph: week 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular, circulatory and lymph: week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body is the

A

Right atrium

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2
Q

Chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body is the

A

Left ventricle

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3
Q

Chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs is the

A

Left atrium

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4
Q

Chamber of the heart that a pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the

A

Right ventricle

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5
Q

Strongest changer of the heart is the

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

The sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure is

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

What stage of hypertension has a systolic reading of 160 or higher

A

Stage 2 hypertension

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8
Q

What is the normal range for blood pressure

A

120 / 80

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9
Q

Condition which the heart pumps out less blood then it receives is

A

Congestive heart failure

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10
Q

A condition in which the oxygen rich blood is stopped, blocked, or restricted to a specific part of the body

A

Ischemia

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11
Q

Irregular patterns in the beating of the heart or change in the force of the speed of the hearts contractions

A

Arrhythmias

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12
Q

What classification of drugs are used to increase the force of myocardial contractions without causing an increase in the consumption of oxygen

A

Cardiac glycosides

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13
Q

Classification of hypertension drugs are used to eliminate excess sodium and water via urinary tract

A

Diuretics

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14
Q

Classification of drugs allow more blood to exit the heart, preventing congestion and increasing cardiac output

A

Vasodilators

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15
Q

Classification of drugs block the conversion of AI to AII, keeping the blood vessels from constriction and blood pressure from increasing

A

ACE inhibitors

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16
Q

The heart pumps approximately how many gallons of blood per day

A

1,900 gal

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17
Q

What is a fluid filled sack that surrounds and perfects the heart

A

Pericardium

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18
Q

The inner most heart wall and covers the inside surface of the heart

A

Endocardium

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19
Q

Surrounds the heart and causes the chambers to contact

A

Myocardium

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20
Q

Beta 2 receptors are found in the

A

Lungs

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21
Q

Beta 1 receptors are found in the

A

Heart

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22
Q

Occurs when there is an insufficient blood flow to the heart via the right or left coronary artery

A

CAD Coronary Artery Disease

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23
Q

Type of drug breaks down blood clots by reversing clotting order and interfering with the synthesis of clotting factors

A

T-PA

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24
Q

Drug used as an antidote for heparin overdose

A

Protamine sulfate

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25
Q

A drug used an an antidote for thrombolytic overdose

A

Aminocaproic acid

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26
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized in the

A

Liver

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27
Q

“Bad” cholesterol

A

Low - density lipoproteins or LDN

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28
Q

“Good” cholesterol

A

High - density lipoproteins or HDL

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29
Q

Cholesterol level of 225 mg/dl would be considered

A

Borderline high cholesterol

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30
Q

Drugs used to prevent the progression of coronary artery disease by lowering plasma lipid levels

A

Angihyperlipidemics

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31
Q

Purpose of the heart is to pump what kind of blood though the body

A

Oxygen rich blood

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32
Q

The conduction system controls the what of the hearts contractions

A

Speed

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33
Q

A persons is considered to have normal blood pressure if their systolic reading is

A

Less than 120

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34
Q

Direct is lower blood pressure by decreasing And blood force against the vessel walls

A

Blood volume

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35
Q

Peripheral vasodilators work directly on blood vessels in what area treating moderate to severe hypertension

A

Arms & legs

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36
Q

Trade name for isoxsuprine HCL

A

Voxsuprine

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37
Q

Many ACE inhibitors have the suffix

A

Pril

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38
Q

Angiotensin I what affect on blood pressure

A

None

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39
Q

Cardiac glycosides main mechanism of action is to lock ATP inside the

A

Myocardium

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40
Q

What is known as a natural pacemaker

A

SA node

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41
Q

Blood pressure is measured in

A

Millimeters of mercury

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42
Q

Most commonly used diuretic for CHF

A

Thiazides diuretics

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43
Q

Pericardium

A

Double layer of serous and fibrous tissue, a fluid filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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44
Q

Right ventricle (RV)

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and drop off waste

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45
Q

Right atrium (RA)

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs

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46
Q

Left ventricle

A

Strongest chamber, pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body and back to heart

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47
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between RA and the RV

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48
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Located between RV and the pulmonary artery

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49
Q

Mitral or bicuspid valve

A

Located between left atrium and left ventricle

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50
Q

Aortic valve

A

Located between left ventricle and aorta

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51
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels or tubes which oxygenated blood travels

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52
Q

Largest artery

A

Aorta

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53
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood, take blood back to heart then to lungs

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54
Q

Capillaries

A

Network of tiny blood vessels connecting arterioles and carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients to venules

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55
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries

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56
Q

Venules

A

Smallest veins

57
Q

Heart receives its own oxygen and nutrients from

A

Coronary arteries

58
Q

Carbon dioxide and waste are removed though

A

Coronary veins

59
Q

Adult body contains about X liters of blood

60
Q

Kidneys do what to blood

61
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell

62
Q

Heat beats which direction

A

Top to bottom

63
Q

Venous blood

A

Contains waste, primarily CO2 and is dark red

64
Q

Arterial blood

A

Oxygenated blood to feed and nourish the bloody tissue

65
Q

Pulmonary artery & pulmonary vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart

66
Q

Semilunar aortic valve

A

Leads blood to aorta

67
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle

68
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Specialized nodal tissue provides energy in the form of electricity to heart making the heart muscle pump/contract

69
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

Allows heart to generate its own electrical stimulation

70
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricles are relaxed

71
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles contract

72
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Diastole / systole

73
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure, specifically below 90/60

74
Q

Causes of low blood pressure

A

Advanced diabetes, anaphylaxis, heart arrhythmia, dehydration, fainting, heart attack, heart failure

75
Q

Drugs that impact low blood pressure

A

Alcohol, anti-anxiety meds, anti-depressants, diuretics, high BP meds, painkillers

76
Q

Hypertension

A

Sustained elevation of systemic artery / high blood pressure

77
Q

Blood pressure is

A

The force against the arterial walls when the heart beats (systole), relaxes (diastole)

78
Q

Hypertension symptoms

A

Severe headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, fatigue

79
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A

Obesity, high sodium diet, lack of physical activity, stress, excessive alcohol, genetics, age, race

80
Q

HTN increases risk of

A

Heart disease, liver failure, heart attack, stroke

81
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

Fails to cycle all blood it receives

82
Q

CHF cause

A

Decreased contractility of myocardium, weak muscle

83
Q

CHF causes the heart to

A

Stretches and enlarge due to back up of blood, weakening the heart muscle with ever increasing amounts of blood backing up

84
Q

CHF symptoms

A

Upright posture or leaning forward, anxiety and restlessness, cyanotic (bluish) clammy skin, persistent cough, rapid breathing, fast heart relate, edema of lower limbs

85
Q

Ischemia

A

Oxygen rich blood is stoped, blocked or restricted to specific area

86
Q

Ischemia can cause

A

Myocardial infarction

87
Q

Temporary blood shortage (oxygen deprivation) to the heart

A

Angina pectoris - pain in chest and heart area

88
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Short term blood shortage to heart

89
Q

Myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris usually occur in patent who has developed

A

CAD coronary artery disease

90
Q

Medications used to treat angina pectoris

A

Nitrates, b-adrenergic blockers, calcium blockers

91
Q

Nitrates work by

A

Relaxing smooth muscle, reducing work for left ventricle. Dilate blood vessels and work to end the attacks of chest pain

92
Q

B-adrenergic blockers

A

Reverse heart action (sympathetic) endured because of physical exertion, stress, and exercise

93
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Keep calcium out of smooth muscle cells and myocytes to make arterial vasodilation and decrease arterial BP. They decrease myocardial contractility resulting in less myocardial oxygen consumption

94
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular patterns , change in force or speed of hearts contractions

95
Q

Arrhythmia can occurs in

A

Atrium, ventricle or both, at one time or at irregular intervals

96
Q

Arrhythmia can be caused by

A

Cardiac disease (CHF, CAD, HTN, MI) or side effects of medication

97
Q

Most serious arrhythmia

A

Ventricular fibrillation constitutes medical emergency because ventricles cannot contract efficiently to maintain adequate blood circulation resulting in MI or death

98
Q

Slow heartbeats

A

Bradycardia

99
Q

Fast heartbeats

A

Tachycardia

100
Q

Class I anti-arrhythmic agent

A

Local anesthetic effects, slow down heart rate, slow conduction velocity, prolong refractory period, decrease automaticity of heart

101
Q

Class II anti-arrhythmic agent

A

Beta Adrenergic blockers, slow heart rate, slow conduction velocity, prolong refractory period, decrease automaticity by blocking both release of sympathetic neurotransmitters and their activity

102
Q

Class III anti-arrhythmic agent

A

Block the effluent of potassium ions during repolarization phases 1-3 prolonging refractory period, decreasing frequency of arrhythmias

103
Q

Class IV anti-arrhythmic agent

A

Calcium channel blockers or antagonists, block pathways for calcium entry to excitable membranes of heart and blood vessels that develop action potentials. Deceases SA node activity slowing heart rate and conduction velocity of the AV node

104
Q

Treatment of heart disease

A

Cardiac glycosides, diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, Beta adrenergic blockers, phosphodiesterase

105
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

Used to increase force of myocardial contraction without causing increase in consumption of oxygen

106
Q

Derived from digitalis purpurea or digitalis lantana plants

A

Cardiac glycoside

107
Q

Cardiac glycosides increase

A

Blood flow & kidney function

108
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low potassium levels in the serum

109
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High calcium serum levels

110
Q

Thiazide dirutetics

A

Produce mild to moderate diuretic effects and most commonly used for CHF, edema, HTN, renal impairment

111
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Work in the loop of Henle with in kidneys, moderate to potent effect often used for acute CHF, edema, HTN, pulmonary edema, nephrotic syndrome

112
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

Allow water loss without loss of potassium electrolyte, low levels of potassium lead to weak heart muscle. Often used in conjunction with thiazide and loop diuretics

113
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase resulting in reduction of amount of aqueous humor and decrease in intraocular pressure.

114
Q

Vasodilators

A

Dilate blood vessels

115
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme - (drug of choice for CHF) lower high BP and thought to shrink an enlarged heart, while increasing vital signs.

116
Q

Angiotensin I (AI) vs angiotensin II (AII)

A

AI has no effect on BP but converted to AII is a natural vasoconstrictor that commences the synthesis I and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium.

117
Q

ACE inhibitors block

A

Binding of AII and AI by combining with AI

118
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

Block AII from getting into the AI receptors in the blood vessels

119
Q

Beta adrenergic blockers

A

Used to block beta 1 and beta 2 receptors from receiving sympathetic neurotransmitters NE and epinephrine

120
Q

Beta 1 receptors

A

Found in the heart and stimulated by both neurotransmitters and epinephrine

121
Q

Beta 2 receptors

A

Found in the lungs and are stimulated by epinephrine but not neurotransmitters

122
Q

When beta 1 receptor is stimulated and separately when beta 2 receptors are stimulated

A

Heart rate, pulse rate, vasoconstriction, BP, force and contraction, breathing, bronchodilation, oxygen consumption all increase

123
Q

Anti adrenergic agent

A

Centrally or peripherally acting anti hypertensive agent, inter fear with manufacture of neurotransmitters at nerve endings

124
Q

CAD Coronary artery disease

A

Insufficient blood flow to heart via right or left coronary artery often leading to thrombi (blood clots)

125
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries

126
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque builds up on walls of contrary arteries and hardens them

127
Q

Treatment of CAD

A

Antiplatlets, anticoagulants, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin inhibitors,

128
Q

Antiplatlets

A

Lower clotting ability

129
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Blood thinners

130
Q

Tissue plasminogen activators (t-PAs)

A

Chemically break down blood clots by reversing clotting order and interfering with clotting factors

131
Q

Triglycerides

A

Form of energy stored in adipose and muscle tissue

132
Q

Anti hyperlipidemics

A

Help prevent progression of CAD by lowering plasma lipid levels

133
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Complete system of lymph organs, nodes, ducts, tissues, vessels, capillaries that transport lymph fluid to circulatory system

134
Q

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

A

Work in tandem joined by capillary system though which lymph and blood move

135
Q

Blood vs lymph fluid

A

Blood circulates in closed revolving system. Lymph fluid moved in one direction to eliminate waste such as bacteria, old blood cells, debris, cancer cells

136
Q

Lymph fluid is not pumped

A

Lymphatic system uses contraction of skeletal muscles to move fluid though lymph vessels

137
Q

Bone marrow

A

Produces cells called lymphocytes, monocytes, leukocytes

138
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Areas lymphocytes concentrate along the lymphatic veins

Pharmacy Calculations And Body System Theory (8 decks)

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