Chapter 23: Disorders of Red Blood Cells Flashcards
Erythroblasts
formed from the pluripotent stem cells in Bone Marrow.
What blood cell accumulates hemoglobin and transports
O2 and CO2 to the tissues?
Red Blood Cells
What binds some carbon dioxide and carries it from the tissues to the lungs?
Hemoglobin
Each of the four polypeptide chains consists of a ____ and a ___ unit
-a globin( Protein)
- Heme Unit
How many molecules of oxygen can Hemoglobin carry?
4
What is the life span of RBC?
120 Days
Where are RBC broken Down?
The Spleen
What is the Heme molucule converted into and where is it transported to?
Bilirubin; liver
What degradation products are recycled?
Iron and Amino Acid
What is produced in the red bone marrow after birth?
Erythropoiesis
T/F:
Bone marrow gradually declines after the age of 5
True
What is bilirubin?
The breakdown of RBC
After ___ Years, red cell production takes Place in the ___, ____, ___, and pelvis.
- 20 years
- Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs, and Pelvis
Jaundice is common in ___?
Newborns
What is the treatment for Jaundice?
Phototherapy
What is insoluble in plasma and attaches to plasma proteins for transport?
Bilirubin
Insoluble bilirubin
Unconjugated
What is the cause of newborns diagnosed with Jaundice?
the liver is not fully developed
- prevents it from processing the bilirubin and removing it from the blood
Soluble bilirubin
Conjugated
Red Blood Cell Count:
measures the total number of red blood cells of the blood
What is the normal bilirubin level?
1.5
What provides an index of the rate of red cell production?
Percentage of Reticulocytes
What measures the hemoglobin content of the blood?
Hemoglobin
What measures the volume of red cell mass in Plasma Volume?
Hematocrit
What is considered high bilirubin levels?
2-2.5
What is the term for when bilirubin accumulates in the blood?
Jaundice
What are the signs and symptoms of Transfusion Reactions?
- Heat along the vein where the blood is being infused
- Flushing of the face
- Utricaria, headache, pain in the chest
- Cramping pain in abdomen
- Nausea Vomiting
What are the nursing implications for a blood transfusion reaction?
*Stop Transfusion and notify the Physician
*Change IV Tubing
*Treat symptoms if present
*Recheck crossmatch record with unit
Autologous Transfusions :
giving your own blood eliminating the risk of reactions and blood borne diseases
What is anemia?
An abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or level of hemoglobin
What are the manifestation of Anemia?
Impaired oxygen transport
Anemia results in?
Diminished oxygen carrying capacity
What are the signs ans symptoms of Tissue Hypoxia?
Fatigue, Weakness, Dyspnea, possible angina
What is the term for RBC sizes being smaller than the normal range?
Microcytic
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypoxia to Brain?
Headaches, faintness, dim vision
What is the term for when RBC have less color than normal?
Hypochromic
Redistribution of blood includes:
pale skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, and nail beds
What are the causes of Anemia?
*Excessive loss (blooding)
*Destruction of red blood cells
*Deficient red blood cell production because of a lack of nutritional elements
*Bone Marrow Failure
The body compensates for Anemia by ?
Tachycardia and palpitations
What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells
Sickle Cell Disease :
Inherited disorder where abnormal hemoglobin leads to chronic hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure
What is megaloblastic anemia?
a type of anemia characterized by very large red blood cells
Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease includes:
- avoiding sickling episodes
- avoiding infections, cold exposure, severe physical exertion, acidosis, dehydration
What has the possibility of being cured by bone marrow and stem cell transplant?
Sickle Cell Anemia
Hydroxyurea:
Cytotoxic drug ; used to prevent complications
What results from dietary deficiency, loss of iron through bleeding, or increased demands.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
What does iron deficiency lead to?
-decreased hemoglobin synthesis and consequent imapairment of oxygen delivery
What is cobalamin deficiency anemia? (Pernicious anemia)
A condition that develops when your body can’t make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12
Loss of blood increases risk of?
iron deficiency
E.g Menstrual cycle
Who is at risk for Vitamin B12 Deficiency?
People who have poor diets that don’t include red meat
When B12 is deficient, the red cells that are produced are abnormally ____ because of excess cytoplasmic growth structural proteins.
Large
What are the Causes of Aplastic Anemia?
- High doses of radiation, chemicals, and toxins that suppress hematopoiesis
Treatment of Aplastic Anemia
-stop the drug
- stem cell replacement
- immunosuppressive therapy
Aplastic Anemia:
a condition that occurs when the body stops producing enough new blood cells.
If malabsorption is a lifelong treatment with IM Vitamin B12. Why would the doctor make the patient do IM instead of PO?
Intramuscular will absorb better because they have a malabsorption issue
A condition in which the red blood cell mass is increased is known as ?
Polycythemia
What results from a loss of vascular fluid and is corrected by replacing the fluid?
Relative Polycythemia
What are the common B12 Deficiency Symptoms?
*extreme tiredness (fatigue)
*lack of energy (lethargy)
*shortness of breath
*feeling faint
*headaches.
*pale skin.
*palpitations (pounding heart)
What is the proliferative disease of the bone marrow with an absolute increase in total red blood cells ?
Primary Polycythemia
What results from increased erythropoietin levels caused by hypoxic conditionsn
Secondary Polycythemia
Venous Stasis:
Blood is pooling
