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Patho Fall 22 > Chapter 23: Disorders of Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Disorders of Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Erythroblasts

A

formed from the pluripotent stem cells in Bone Marrow.

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2
Q

What blood cell accumulates hemoglobin and transports
O2 and CO2 to the tissues?

A

Red Blood Cells

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3
Q

What binds some carbon dioxide and carries it from the tissues to the lungs?

A

Hemoglobin

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4
Q

Each of the four polypeptide chains consists of a ____ and a ___ unit

A

-a globin( Protein)
- Heme Unit

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5
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can Hemoglobin carry?

A

4

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6
Q

What is the life span of RBC?

A

120 Days

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7
Q

Where are RBC broken Down?

A

The Spleen

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8
Q

What is the Heme molucule converted into and where is it transported to?

A

Bilirubin; liver

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9
Q

What degradation products are recycled?

A

Iron and Amino Acid

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10
Q

What is produced in the red bone marrow after birth?

A

Erythropoiesis

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11
Q

T/F:
Bone marrow gradually declines after the age of 5

A

True

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12
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

The breakdown of RBC

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13
Q

After ___ Years, red cell production takes Place in the ___, ____, ___, and pelvis.

A
  • 20 years
  • Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs, and Pelvis
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14
Q

Jaundice is common in ___?

A

Newborns

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15
Q

What is the treatment for Jaundice?

A

Phototherapy

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16
Q

What is insoluble in plasma and attaches to plasma proteins for transport?

A

Bilirubin

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17
Q

Insoluble bilirubin

A

Unconjugated

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18
Q

What is the cause of newborns diagnosed with Jaundice?

A

the liver is not fully developed
- prevents it from processing the bilirubin and removing it from the blood

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19
Q

Soluble bilirubin

A

Conjugated

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20
Q

Red Blood Cell Count:

A

measures the total number of red blood cells of the blood

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21
Q

What is the normal bilirubin level?

A

1.5

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22
Q

What provides an index of the rate of red cell production?

A

Percentage of Reticulocytes

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23
Q

What measures the hemoglobin content of the blood?

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What measures the volume of red cell mass in Plasma Volume?

A

Hematocrit

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25
Q

What is considered high bilirubin levels?

A

2-2.5

26
Q

What is the term for when bilirubin accumulates in the blood?

A

Jaundice

27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Transfusion Reactions?

A
  • Heat along the vein where the blood is being infused
  • Flushing of the face
  • Utricaria, headache, pain in the chest
  • Cramping pain in abdomen
  • Nausea Vomiting
28
Q

What are the nursing implications for a blood transfusion reaction?

A

*Stop Transfusion and notify the Physician
*Change IV Tubing
*Treat symptoms if present
*Recheck crossmatch record with unit

29
Q

Autologous Transfusions :

A

giving your own blood eliminating the risk of reactions and blood borne diseases

30
Q

What is anemia?

A

An abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or level of hemoglobin

31
Q

What are the manifestation of Anemia?

A

Impaired oxygen transport

32
Q

Anemia results in?

A

Diminished oxygen carrying capacity

33
Q

What are the signs ans symptoms of Tissue Hypoxia?

A

Fatigue, Weakness, Dyspnea, possible angina

34
Q

What is the term for RBC sizes being smaller than the normal range?

A

Microcytic

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hypoxia to Brain?

A

Headaches, faintness, dim vision

36
Q

What is the term for when RBC have less color than normal?

A

Hypochromic

37
Q

Redistribution of blood includes:

A

pale skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, and nail beds

38
Q

What are the causes of Anemia?

A

*Excessive loss (blooding)
*Destruction of red blood cells
*Deficient red blood cell production because of a lack of nutritional elements
*Bone Marrow Failure

39
Q

The body compensates for Anemia by ?

A

Tachycardia and palpitations

40
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells

41
Q

Sickle Cell Disease :

A

Inherited disorder where abnormal hemoglobin leads to chronic hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure

42
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

a type of anemia characterized by very large red blood cells

43
Q

Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease includes:

A
  • avoiding sickling episodes
  • avoiding infections, cold exposure, severe physical exertion, acidosis, dehydration
44
Q

What has the possibility of being cured by bone marrow and stem cell transplant?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

45
Q

Hydroxyurea:

A

Cytotoxic drug ; used to prevent complications

46
Q

What results from dietary deficiency, loss of iron through bleeding, or increased demands.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

47
Q

What does iron deficiency lead to?

A

-decreased hemoglobin synthesis and consequent imapairment of oxygen delivery

48
Q

What is cobalamin deficiency anemia? (Pernicious anemia)

A

A condition that develops when your body can’t make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12

49
Q

Loss of blood increases risk of?

A

iron deficiency
E.g Menstrual cycle

50
Q

Who is at risk for Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

A

People who have poor diets that don’t include red meat

51
Q

When B12 is deficient, the red cells that are produced are abnormally ____ because of excess cytoplasmic growth structural proteins.

A

Large

52
Q

What are the Causes of Aplastic Anemia?

A
  • High doses of radiation, chemicals, and toxins that suppress hematopoiesis
53
Q

Treatment of Aplastic Anemia

A

-stop the drug
- stem cell replacement
- immunosuppressive therapy

54
Q

Aplastic Anemia:

A

a condition that occurs when the body stops producing enough new blood cells.

55
Q

If malabsorption is a lifelong treatment with IM Vitamin B12. Why would the doctor make the patient do IM instead of PO?

A

Intramuscular will absorb better because they have a malabsorption issue

56
Q

A condition in which the red blood cell mass is increased is known as ?

A

Polycythemia

57
Q

What results from a loss of vascular fluid and is corrected by replacing the fluid?

A

Relative Polycythemia

58
Q

What are the common B12 Deficiency Symptoms?

A

*extreme tiredness (fatigue)
*lack of energy (lethargy)
*shortness of breath
*feeling faint
*headaches.
*pale skin.
*palpitations (pounding heart)

59
Q

What is the proliferative disease of the bone marrow with an absolute increase in total red blood cells ?

A

Primary Polycythemia

60
Q

What results from increased erythropoietin levels caused by hypoxic conditionsn

A

Secondary Polycythemia

61
Q

Venous Stasis:

A

Blood is pooling

Patho Fall 22 (8 decks)

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