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Patho Fall 22 > Chapter 22: Disorders Of Hemostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Disorders Of Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The body’s way to maintain a certain level of existence

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2
Q

What is the inappropriate formation of clots within the vascular system?

A

Thrombosis

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3
Q

What is the failure of blood to clot in response to appropriate stimulus?

A

Bleeding

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4
Q

What are the factors that cause Hemostasis ( Blood Clotting)?

A
  • infection, tissue damage, and healing
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5
Q

The process of hemostasis can be divided into how many stages?

A

Two

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6
Q

What prevents a client from bleeding to death?

A

Vascular Constriction

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7
Q

Which stage of hemostasis has platelet plug formation?

A

Primary Hemostasis

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8
Q

What happens in Vasoconstriction?

A

The walls of the blood vessels shrink to reduce the area that blood can flow through.

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9
Q

Which stage of hemostasis does vasoconstriction happen?

A

Primary Hemostasis

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10
Q

At which stage of hemostasis does the coagulation cascade happen?

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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11
Q

Hemo means what?

A

blood

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12
Q

Stasis means what?

A

Standing

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13
Q

Anticoagulants do what?

A

Keep blood from clotting

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14
Q

What process prevents the client from hemmorage ( bleeding to death) ?

A

Vascular constriction

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15
Q

What is blood coagulation?

A

A process where fibrin forms a chainlike net or mesh network

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16
Q

What type of cells become trapped in the network in blood coagulation?

A

Red and White Blood Cells

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17
Q

Which Coagulation Cascade is Intrisnic?

A

The PTT Pathway

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18
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

A process where serum is squeezed from the clot and edges of the vessel are pulled together

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19
Q

How long does clot retraction take?

A

20-60 minutes

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20
Q

Which Coagulation Cascade is Extrinsic and Faster?

A

The PT Pathway

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21
Q

What is clot dissolution?

A

This allows blood flow to be reestablished and permanent tissue repair

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22
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

A process where the clot is dissolved

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23
Q

What is hypercoagulability?

A

Increase the risk of clot or thrombus formation in the arterial or venous circulations

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24
Q

What factors are shared and required for both PTT and PT?

A

Factors V(5) and X(10)

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25
Q

Hypercoagulability due to increased platelet function results in what?

A

Platelet adhesion, formation of platelet clots and disruption of blood flow

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26
Q

What is the most important enzyme on the planet?

A

Thrombin

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27
Q

What is Factor Xa?

A

Prothrombin

28
Q

Factor Xa( Prothrombin) converts into what?

A

Thrombin

29
Q

What converts Fibrinogen into a solid Frbrin Clot?

A

Thrombin

30
Q

T/F:
Without thrombin you can not form a clot.

A

True

31
Q

What are the causes of increased platelet function?

A

disturbances in flow, endothelial damage, and increased sensitivity of platelets to factors that cause adhesiveness and aggregation.

32
Q

What are the causes of increased platelet function?

A

disturbances in flow, endothelial damage, and increased sensitivity of platelets to factors that cause adhesiveness and aggregation.

33
Q

What factor activates factor X(10) in the PT Pathway?

A

Factor 7

34
Q

What is arterial thrombi?

A

Associated with conditions that produce turbulent blood flow and platelet adherence

35
Q

What is venous thrombi?

A

Associated with conditions that cause stasis of blood flow with increased concentrations of coagulation factors

36
Q

What conditions create increased platelet function?

A

-Atherosclerosis
-Diabetes mellitus
-Smoking
-Elevated blood lipoid and cholesterol levels
-Increased platelet levels

37
Q

What factors are included in the PTT Pathway?

A

Factor(s): XII(12), XI(11), IX(9), VIII(8), and X(10)

38
Q

What are conditions that cause accelerated activating of the coagulation system?

A

-Pregnancy and the 6-week period following childbirth
-Use of oral contraceptives
-Postsurgical state
- Immobility
-Congestive heart failure
-Malignant diseases

39
Q

T/F:
If factor V(5) or X(10) are damaged both the PT and PTT pathway will not clot; resulting in continuous bleeding?

A

True

40
Q

T/F:
Deficiency for Factor VII(7) will prolong the PT but not the PTT

A

True

41
Q

What happens to a patient with thrombocytopenia? (low platelets)

A

They are at an increased risk of bleeding

42
Q

T/F:
Deficiencies of Factor(s) XII (12), XI(11), IX(9), and VIII(8) will prolong the PTT But not the PT

A

True

43
Q

What causes thrombocytopenia?

A

decrease in platelet production, increased sequestration of platelets in the spleen, or decreased platelet survival

44
Q

What matters clinically about factor XII(12).

A

When deficient, other blood clotting factors compensate for its absence.

45
Q

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia

A

(ASA, atorvastatin, antibiotics)

46
Q

What causes Bleeding?

A
  1. Decrease in the number of circulating platelets
  2. Impaired Platelet Function
47
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

A

platelet antibody formation and destruction of platelets

48
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 enzyme (a type of protein in the blood) causes overactive clotting)

49
Q

In the decreasing number of circulating platelets what must be relatively sever before hemorrhagic tendencies of spontaneous bleeding occur?

A
  • Depletion of platelets
50
Q

What are some manifestations of thrombosis?

A

Bleeding in mucous membranes
-Nose
-Mouth
-Gastrointestinal tract
-Uterine Cavity

51
Q

What is bleeding resulting from platelet deficiency and commonly occurs in small vessels? Often characterized by petechiae and purpura.

A

Impaired platelet function

52
Q

Where does thrombosis occur?

A

small vessels

53
Q

What is petechiae?

A

pinpoint purplish-red spots
(Seen almost exclusively in conditions of platelet deficiency)

54
Q

What is an essential cofactor for synthesis of clotting factors ?

A

Vitamin K

55
Q

Purpura

A

purple areas of bruising

56
Q

What occurs in Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Th liver produces inactive clotting factors resulting in abnormal bleeding.
57
Q

What vitamin is Fat-solvable and is synthesized by intestinal bacteria ( or food source)?

A

Vitamin K

58
Q

What causes coagulant deficiencies to arise?

A

defective synthesis, inherited disease, or increased consumption of the clotting factors

58
Q

What causes coagulant deficiencies to arise?

A

defective synthesis, inherited disease, or increased consumption of the clotting factors

59
Q

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

A

Acquired bleeding disorder, an alteration in the blood clotting mechanism: abnormal acceleration of the coagulation cascade which results in thrombosis; hemorrhage occurs simultaneously.

60
Q

What are the Vascular disorders that cause bleeding?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
  2. Vitamin C Deficiency ( Scurvy)
  3. Cushing Disease
  4. Senile Ursula ( Bruising in Elderly Persons)
61
Q

An uncommon autosomal dominant disorder Characterized by thin-walled, dilated capillaries and arterioles is known as what?

A

Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

62
Q

What disease causes protein wasting and loss of vessel tissue support due to excess cortisol?

A

Cushing Disease

63
Q

What is the treatment for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

A

To manage primary disease

64
Q

What is caused by the Aging Process?

A

Senile Purpura ( bruising in elderly persons)

65
Q

What results in poor collagen synthesis and failure of the endothelial cells to be centered together properly, causing a fragile wall?

A

Vitamin C deficiency ( Scurvy )

66
Q

What are some conditions associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

A
  • Obstetric conditions
  • Cancers
  • Infections
  • Shock
  • Trauma or surgery
  • Hematologic conditions

Patho Fall 22 (8 decks)

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