Chapter 23: Biotechnology Flashcards
What is the human genome?
A genome is the complete set of genetic information of an organism.
What’s the human genome project
-It’s a publicly funded venture designed to determine the Human genome sequence. -Mapped the location of all the genes in the 46 human chromosomes.
What has it identified and what is it hoping to identity? (H.G.P)
- The order of bases in the human genome
2. The Human genome diversity project and assigning functions to the identified genes.
Benefits of the human genome project (medical)
- Greater % effectiveness of gene therapy.
- Improved diagnosis of disease and predisposition to disease via testing.
- Better identification of disease carriers, through genetic testing.
Benefits of the human genome project(non-medical)
- Advances forensic science through analysis of crime scenes.
- Potential by companies to ‘patent’ genes.
Ethical issues assosiated with H.G.P
- Mapping the differences b/w racial and ethnic groups ( HGDP)
- Genetic test costs are expensive; unsure who should pay for them.
- Unclear whether 3rd parties (health insurers) have rights to genetic test results.
DNA sequencing
Is the determination of the order of nucleotides in a sample of DNA
Sangers-> DNA sequencing
-synthetic nucleotides that lack the OH group are added to the growing strand.
-The synthetic nucleotide stops the elongation of the sequence because there is no OH group to attach to.
Allows the strands to be compared.
What does DNA sequencing allow to be found?
- Point mutations and small insertions or deletions are identified.
- Examples of diseases determined by DNA sequencing are Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and cancers.
What does DNA sequencing allow to be found?
- Point mutations and small insertions or deletions are identified.
- Examples of diseases determined by DNA sequencing are Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and cancers.
DNA Profiling technique
- Electrophoresis is used where a DNA piece is placed on a bed of gel and an electric current is passed through electrodes at the end.
- DNA is negatively charged which moves to the positively charged electrode.
- Smaller DNA moves faster than larger DNA.
- Results in a pattern of bonds being formed.
- Pattern–> DNA profile( DNA fingerprint)
What can it find? (DNA Profiling)
• Used for ancestry, forensic science and detecting genetic disease.
What can it find? (DNA Profiling)
• Used for ancestry, forensic science and detecting genetic disease.
Genetic probes summary
A fragment of DNA/RNA, labeled with radioactive isotopes or a fluorescent marker, is used to detect the presence of a specific basis in another DNA/RNA molecule.
PCR summary
Segment of DNA are multiplied through a series of repeated cycles using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. Genes of interest can be easily amplified and then sequenced to detect the mutations.
