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General Biology II > Chapter 23 And 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 And 26 Flashcards

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0
Q

When molten rock cooled it formed what? And what arose?

A

Chemically rich oceans formed by water condensation; life

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1
Q

Earth was formed as a hot mass of molten rock about ______?

A

4.5 bya

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2
Q

Why are the 7 characteristic of all living things?

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
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3
Q

Panspermia

A

The idea that life may have effected earth from some other planet or mars

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4
Q

First organisms emerged

A

3.8-2.5 bya and lived in very high temperatures

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5
Q

Because of no oxidation, meaning lack of ______, there ample availability of ____ ____ and their _____.

A

Oxygen; hydrogen atoms; electrons

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6
Q

Popular view of early earth atmosphere is

A 
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen Gas
Water Vapor
Hydrogen gas 
Other sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon compounds
Atmosphere lack oxygen gas (o2)
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7
Q

Miller and Urey experiment

A

Assembled a reducing atmosphere rich in hydrogen and no oxygen. Temp near 100C

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8
Q

Not a question: facts:

Miller Urey experiment found that methane gas (ch4) converted to simple carbon

A

Later experiments produced more than 30 carbon compounds including amino acids (adenine also produced part of DNA )

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9
Q

First genetic molecules

A

RNA; work with ribosomes to link amino acids during protein synthesis

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10
Q

Primitive organisms may have been ______, but built what they need from compounds using ——— or ————

A

Autotrophic; photosynthesis; chemosynthesis

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11
Q

CO2 levels decreased because?

A

Weathering of rocks; co2 and h2o formed carbonic acid, the acid reacted with rocks that had calcium carbonate (caCo3) releasing ions (hco3-) and ca+ and moved through rivers and reverted to precipitate caco3 , decreasing co2 and lower earth temp

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12
Q

Stromatolites

A

Mats of Cyanobacteria cells that trap mineral deposits

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13
Q

The 200my lag between the origin of photo synthesis and substantial levels of o2 explantation is

A

O2 reacted with iron to form iron oxide in oceans

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14
Q

O2 reacted with uv to create? And is critical?

A

O3 (ozone) and it reduces the mutation rate caused by uv light

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15
Q

What is the first explanation to do plants contribute to glaciations

A

1) colonization of plants (~490 MYA)
•release organic acid which increased weathering , releasing phosphorus, that enters oceans increasing algal photosynthesis, co2 removed from atmosphere to form algal tissue the reduced levels of co2 result in temp decrease and glaciation

••

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16
Q

What is the second explanation to do plants contribute to glaciations

A

2) Vascular plant diversification concurrent with 2nd glaciation
• extensive root system increased rock weathering and released nutrients that triggers algal growth in ocean

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17
Q

Hadean

A

Oldest rocks, 4600-4000 mya

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18
Q

Archean

A

Oldest fossils of prokaryotes, 4000 mya - 2500 mya

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19
Q

Proterozoic

A

2000mya - Cyanobacteria and oxygen in atmosphere
1600mya- oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes
2500-540 mya

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20
Q

Phanerozoic

A

600mya - Cambrian explosion and increase in diversity
450- increase in land plants
100- first flowering plants, birds, marsupial mammals

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21
Q

Rock fossils are created when

A

Organism is buried in sediment
Calcium in bone or other hard tissue mineralizes
Surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

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22
Q

Biomarkers

A

Their high c12 content suggest a biological origin

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23
Q

Aging Fossils are measured by Relative age

A

Position of fossil in sediment

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24
Q

Aging Fossil are measure by absolute age

A

Age if fossil is estimate by rates of radioactive decay chemical element isotopes mainly krypton an argon

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25
Q

Isotopes half life is

A

The rate of decay, the amount of time needed for one half of the orginal amount to be transformed

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26
Q

Rodinia

A

All continents

27
Q

Gondwana

A

All current south hemisphere continents

28
Q

Pangea

A

Formed from Gondwana

29
Q

Three monophyletic domains or classes are

A

Eubacteria, archea, eukaryote

30
Q

Eukaryotes domain has 6 supergroups called

A 
Chromalveolates 
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Excavates
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
31
Q

Bacteria and archae are distinct from eukaryotes because

A

They lack compartmentalization

32
Q

What has and extensive endomembrane system?

A

Eukaryotes

33
Q

Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum facilitates ?

A

Intercellular transport

34
Q

Mitochondria and Chloropasts entered early eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria descendants of purple sulfur and chloroplasts derived from Cyanobacteria bacteria

35
Q

In endosymbiosis, algae acquired chloroplast twice

A

1) red and green algae common ancestor an eukaryotic cell engulf cyanobacteria
2) brown algae engulf red algae

36
Q

Multicellurity allowed organisms to deal with

A

Differentiation

37
Q

Meiosis is associated with

A

Crossing over

38
Q

Rapid diversity occurred in

A

Cambrian

39
Q

Evolutionary innovations occurred when life was primarily

A

Aquatic

40
Q

Eukaryotes characteristics

A

Compartmentalization:additional levels of transcription and translations
Multicellular: differential of cells into tissues
Sexual reproduction: greater genetic diversity

41
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classifying living things

42
Q

The genus name is

A

Capitalized and in italics

43
Q

Hierarchical taxonomy

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
44
Q

Evolutionary relationships among organisms accomplishs:

A

An orderly logical way to name organisms

Insight to understand history and major features and functions

45
Q

Systematics

A

Reconstruction an study of evolutionary relationships

46
Q

Phylogeny

A

Hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species

47
Q

All organisms share many characteristics .. 4 are?

A

Have one or more cells
Carry out metabolism
Transfer energy with ATP
Encode hereditary info in DNA

48
Q

Derived characteristic

A

Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

49
Q

Ancestral characteristics

A

Similarity that arose prior to the common answer or of the group

50
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Shared derived characters are considered informative about evolutionary relationships

51
Q

Clades

A

Species that agar a common ancestor and indicated by the possession of shared derived characters

52
Q

Homoplasy

A

A shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor

53
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Whales and penguins have flipper for limbs but no common ancestor

54
Q

Evolutionary reversal

A

Snakes and lampreys do not haves limbs no common ancestor

55
Q

Principle of parsimony

A

Which favors the hypothesis the requires fewest assumption to answer the question

56
Q

Monophyletic

A

Includes the most recent ancestor of all the group and all decedents (Clade)

57
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Includes most recent common ancestor of group but not all decedents

58
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Does not include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

59
Q

Biological species concept

A

Defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated

60
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Species in a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters

61
Q

Phylogenetic species concept solves two biological species concepts problems

A

1) biological species concept cannot be applied to allopatric species (= not overlapping species)
2) psc looks to the past to see if species separated long enough to develop their own derived characters

62
Q

Homologous

A

Derive from same ancestral source; dolphin flippers and frog legs are modifications limb

63
Q

Homoplastic structures

A

Do no derive from ancestral sources; wings of birds (modification of limb) and dragonfly wings (modification of gill like appendages)

64
Q

Difference between HIV 1-2

A

Hiv1 Spreads quickly and hiv2 less transmitted , longer period before initial infection and illness, weaken the immune system at much lower rate

General Biology II (5 decks)

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