Chapter 23 And 26

Question 0

When molten rock cooled it formed what? And what arose?

Answer 0

Chemically rich oceans formed by water condensation; life

Question 1

Earth was formed as a hot mass of molten rock about ______?

Answer 1

4.5 bya

Question 2

Why are the 7 characteristic of all living things?

Answer 2

1. Composed of cells
2. Complex and ordered
3. Respond to their environment
4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
5. Obtain and use energy
6. Maintain internal balance
7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation

Question 3

Panspermia

Answer 3

The idea that life may have effected earth from some other planet or mars

Question 4

First organisms emerged

Answer 4

3.8-2.5 bya and lived in very high temperatures

Question 5

Because of no oxidation, meaning lack of ______, there ample availability of ____ ____ and their _____.

Answer 5

Oxygen; hydrogen atoms; electrons

Question 6

Popular view of early earth atmosphere is

Answer 6

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen Gas
Water Vapor
Hydrogen gas 
Other sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon compounds
Atmosphere lack oxygen gas (o2)

Question 7

Miller and Urey experiment

Answer 7

Assembled a reducing atmosphere rich in hydrogen and no oxygen. Temp near 100C

Question 8

Not a question: facts:

Miller Urey experiment found that methane gas (ch4) converted to simple carbon

Answer 8

Later experiments produced more than 30 carbon compounds including amino acids (adenine also produced part of DNA )

Question 9

First genetic molecules

Answer 9

RNA; work with ribosomes to link amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 10

Primitive organisms may have been ______, but built what they need from compounds using ——— or ————

Answer 10

Autotrophic; photosynthesis; chemosynthesis

Question 11

CO2 levels decreased because?

Answer 11

Weathering of rocks; co2 and h2o formed carbonic acid, the acid reacted with rocks that had calcium carbonate (caCo3) releasing ions (hco3-) and ca+ and moved through rivers and reverted to precipitate caco3 , decreasing co2 and lower earth temp

Question 12

Stromatolites

Answer 12

Mats of Cyanobacteria cells that trap mineral deposits

Question 13

The 200my lag between the origin of photo synthesis and substantial levels of o2 explantation is

Answer 13

O2 reacted with iron to form iron oxide in oceans

Question 14

O2 reacted with uv to create? And is critical?

Answer 14

O3 (ozone) and it reduces the mutation rate caused by uv light

Question 15

What is the first explanation to do plants contribute to glaciations

Answer 15

1) colonization of plants (~490 MYA)
•release organic acid which increased weathering , releasing phosphorus, that enters oceans increasing algal photosynthesis, co2 removed from atmosphere to form algal tissue the reduced levels of co2 result in temp decrease and glaciation

••

Question 16

What is the second explanation to do plants contribute to glaciations

Answer 16

2) Vascular plant diversification concurrent with 2nd glaciation
• extensive root system increased rock weathering and released nutrients that triggers algal growth in ocean

Question 17

Hadean

Answer 17

Oldest rocks, 4600-4000 mya

Question 18

Archean

Answer 18

Oldest fossils of prokaryotes, 4000 mya - 2500 mya

Question 19

Proterozoic

Answer 19

2000mya - Cyanobacteria and oxygen in atmosphere
1600mya- oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes
2500-540 mya

Question 20

Phanerozoic

Answer 20

600mya - Cambrian explosion and increase in diversity
450- increase in land plants
100- first flowering plants, birds, marsupial mammals

Question 21

Rock fossils are created when

Answer 21

Organism is buried in sediment
Calcium in bone or other hard tissue mineralizes
Surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

Question 22

Biomarkers

Answer 22

Their high c12 content suggest a biological origin

Question 23

Aging Fossils are measured by Relative age

Answer 23

Position of fossil in sediment

Question 24

Aging Fossil are measure by absolute age

Answer 24

Age if fossil is estimate by rates of radioactive decay chemical element isotopes mainly krypton an argon

Question 25

Isotopes half life is

Answer 25

The rate of decay, the amount of time needed for one half of the orginal amount to be transformed

Question 26

Rodinia

Answer 26

All continents

Question 27

Gondwana

Answer 27

All current south hemisphere continents

Question 28

Pangea

Answer 28

Formed from Gondwana

Question 29

Three monophyletic domains or classes are

Answer 29

Eubacteria, archea, eukaryote

Question 30

Eukaryotes domain has 6 supergroups called

Answer 30

``` Chromalveolates Rhizaria Archaeplastida Excavates Amoebozoa Opisthokonta ```

Question 31

Bacteria and archae are distinct from eukaryotes because

Answer 31

They lack compartmentalization

Question 32

What has and extensive endomembrane system?

Answer 32

Eukaryotes

Question 33

Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum facilitates ?

Answer 33

Intercellular transport

Question 34

Mitochondria and Chloropasts entered early eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis

Answer 34

Mitochondria descendants of purple sulfur and chloroplasts derived from Cyanobacteria bacteria

Question 35

In endosymbiosis, algae acquired chloroplast twice

Answer 35

1) red and green algae common ancestor an eukaryotic cell engulf cyanobacteria 2) brown algae engulf red algae

Question 36

Multicellurity allowed organisms to deal with

Answer 36

Differentiation

Question 37

Meiosis is associated with

Answer 37

Crossing over

Question 38

Rapid diversity occurred in

Answer 38

Cambrian

Question 39

Evolutionary innovations occurred when life was primarily

Answer 39

Aquatic

Question 40

Eukaryotes characteristics

Answer 40

Compartmentalization:additional levels of transcription and translations Multicellular: differential of cells into tissues Sexual reproduction: greater genetic diversity

Question 41

Taxonomy

Answer 41

Science of classifying living things

Question 42

The genus name is

Answer 42

Capitalized and in italics

Question 43

Hierarchical taxonomy

Answer 43

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 44

Evolutionary relationships among organisms accomplishs:

Answer 44

An orderly logical way to name organisms | Insight to understand history and major features and functions

Question 45

Systematics

Answer 45

Reconstruction an study of evolutionary relationships

Question 46

Phylogeny

Answer 46

Hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species

Question 47

All organisms share many characteristics .. 4 are?

Answer 47

Have one or more cells Carry out metabolism Transfer energy with ATP Encode hereditary info in DNA

Question 48

Derived characteristic

Answer 48

Similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

Question 49

Ancestral characteristics

Answer 49

Similarity that arose prior to the common answer or of the group

Question 50

Synapomorphies

Answer 50

Shared derived characters are considered informative about evolutionary relationships

Question 51

Clades

Answer 51

Species that agar a common ancestor and indicated by the possession of shared derived characters

Question 52

Homoplasy

Answer 52

A shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor

Question 53

Convergent evolution

Answer 53

Whales and penguins have flipper for limbs but no common ancestor

Question 54

Evolutionary reversal

Answer 54

Snakes and lampreys do not haves limbs no common ancestor

Question 55

Principle of parsimony

Answer 55

Which favors the hypothesis the requires fewest assumption to answer the question

Question 56

Monophyletic

Answer 56

Includes the most recent ancestor of all the group and all decedents (Clade)

Question 57

Paraphyletic

Answer 57

Includes most recent common ancestor of group but not all decedents

Question 58

Polyphyletic

Answer 58

Does not include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Question 59

Biological species concept

Answer 59

Defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated

Question 60

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 60

Species in a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters

Question 61

Phylogenetic species concept solves two biological species concepts problems

Answer 61

1) biological species concept cannot be applied to allopatric species (= not overlapping species) 2) psc looks to the past to see if species separated long enough to develop their own derived characters

Question 62

Homologous

Answer 62

Derive from same ancestral source; dolphin flippers and frog legs are modifications limb

Question 63

Homoplastic structures

Answer 63

Do no derive from ancestral sources; wings of birds (modification of limb) and dragonfly wings (modification of gill like appendages)

Question 64

Difference between HIV 1-2

Answer 64

Hiv1 Spreads quickly and hiv2 less transmitted , longer period before initial infection and illness, weaken the immune system at much lower rate