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General Biology II > Chapter 23-27-28 > Flashcards

Chapter 23-27-28 Flashcards

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0
Q

Nucleic acid can be

A

DNA or RNA ; circular or linear; single or double stranded

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1
Q

Nucleic Acid core surround by capsid (protein cover: repeats of 1 to a few proteins)
No cytoplasm
Some virus also have an envelop ( lipids + protein)

A

Structures of virus

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2
Q

Virus are classified by their genome

A

DNA viruses
RNA viruses
Retroviruses ( genes encoded by RNA but include DNA intermediates in those replication)

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3
Q

Virion

A

Name that recieve the viruses when they are outside of a cell, then they are metabolically inert

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4
Q

Virus hijacks

A

A cells transcription and translation machine ties to express genes needed to make additional copies of the virus… The virus tricks host cell into making viruses

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5
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that affects bacteria

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6
Q

Attachment: Virus only attacks

A

CD4+ cells, viral gp120 glycoproteins attaches to CD4 protein on macrophages and Cd4 cells . Correceptors like CCR5 protein affect likelihood of entry located on cd4 surface. People with a mitigation for the protein are resistant

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7
Q

Replication: Reverse transcriptase

A

Converts virus RNA to double stranded DNA
Enzyme is extremely error prone
Mutations common in the process

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8
Q

Assembly:

A

Making copies of virus

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9
Q

Release:

A

New viruses exit by budding

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10
Q

Aid treatment targets 4

A

Viral entry
Genome replication
Intervention of viral DNA
Maturation of HIV proteins

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11
Q

Combination theory

A

Use combination of drugs to lower death rate

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life and fall into two domains bacteria and archae

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13
Q

Molecular classification of prokaryotes

A
  1. Amino acid sequences of key proteins
  2. Percent guanine-cytosine content
  3. Nucleic acid hybridization (closely related species will have more base pairing)
  4. Gene and RNA sequencing
    Especially RNA
  5. Whole genome sequencing
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14
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

1) Unicellularity and variable is size
2) chromosome
3) cell division: binary fission
4) single replication origin mechanism
5) genetic recombination
6) no internal compartmentalization
7) cell walls different layers
8) flagella simple
9) metabolic diversity: photo and chemosynthesis

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15
Q

Prokaryotes have

A 
Chromosome
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Capsule or slime later
Cytoplasm
Plasmid (DNA)
Food granule
Proka-flagellum 
Ribosomes
Pili
16
Q

DNA replication of prokaryotes

A

Single replication origin mechanism

17
Q

Prokaryotes gene expression

A

Bacteria- only one RNA polymerase

Archae- two or mor RNA polymerases and these enzymes are similar to those of eukaryotes

18
Q

Prokaryotes genetic recombination

A

Occurs through Horizontal gene transfer, not a form of reproduction

19
Q

Archea have an ___ link and bacterial has an ____ link. Archea hydrophobic tail — branched with h3ch3 and bacterial — branched with h3ch3

A

Ether;Esther; is branched; is not branched

20
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick network of peptidoglycan

Also contain lipoteichoic and technic acid (bacterial polysaccharides)

21
Q

Gram negative

A

Thin layer
Second outer membrane with lipopolysaccarides
Resistant to many antibiotics

22
Q

Endospores and internal membrane are not found on? What are each?

A

Archea; develops thick wall around genome when exposed to environment stress and highly resistant to stress like heat. When Conditions improve can germinate and return to normal cell division; function in reputation or photosynthesis

23
Q

Types of horizontal gene transfer

A

Conjugation- cell to cell contact
Transduction- by bacteriophages
Transformation- from the environment

24
Q

Generalized transduction

A

Phage makes mistakes and sometimes they package host DNA in place of phage DNA producing a transducting phage

25
Q

Uptake of DNA from the environment, cell dies and spills fragmented DNA and DNA is taken by another bacteria cell

A

Transformation

26
Q

Tb does what?

A

Afflicts respiratory
Easy person person transfer
Multi drug resistant strains alarming

27
Q

Dental caries (tooth decay) does

A

Plaque consists of bacterial biofilms

Tooth enamel degenerates

28
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori main cause

Treated with anti biotics

29
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Prevalent communicable disease in North America … Transmitted through exchange of body fluid … Pass from mom to baby in birth canal

30
Q

Chlamydia

A

Silent std

Can cause PID and heart problems

31
Q

Syphilis

A

Transmitted through sex or contact with open chancre

General Biology II (5 decks)

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