Chapter 22 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
The major function of the respiratory system is ___.
respiration
The respiratory system plays what part in cellular respiration?
- supplies body with oxygen -for-
2. disposes of carbon dioxide as a waste product -of-
The four processes of respiration involve both ___ and ___ systems.
respiratory; circulatory
The respiratory system also functions in:
olfaction and speech
The processes of respiration are:
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport
- internal respiration
The processes of respiration are divided into two systems:
- respiratory system
2. circulatory system
The processes of respiration in the respiratory system are:
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
The processes of respiration in the circulatory system are:
transport and internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation is:
(breathing)-movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration is:
O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
Transport in respiration is:
O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration is:
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
The major organs of the respiratory system are:
- nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi and their branches
- lungs and alveoli
The functional anatomy of the respiratory system are divided into two zones, which are:
- respiratory zone
2. conducting zone
The respiratory zone is the site of:
gas exchange
The microscopic structures of the respiratory zone are:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
The conducting zone acts as:
a conduit to gas exchange sites
The conducting zone includes ___ structures.
all other respiratory
The function of the conducting zone is:
cleansing, warming, and humidifying air
____ and ___ promote ventilation.
Diaphragm; other respiratory muscles
The nose’s functions are:
- providing an airway for respiration
- moistening and warming entering air
- filtering and cleaning inspired air
- serving as a resonating chamber for speech
- housing olfactory receptors
The two regions of the nose are:
external nose and nasal cavity
External nose structures:
- root
- bridge
- dorsum nasi
- apex
- philtrum
- nares (nostrils)
shallow vertical groove inferior to nose apex
philtrum
nares are bounded laterally by:
alae
The nasal cavity is located:
within and posterior to external nose
structures of the nasal cavity
- nasal septum
- posterior nasal apertures (chonchae)
- roof-ethmoid and sphenoid bones
- on floor-hard (bone) and soft palates (muscle)
the nasal cavity is divided midline by
the nasal septum
these open into the nasal pharynx
posterior nasal apertures (chonchae)
nasal cavity structures (continued)
- nasal vestibule
- nasal conchae
- nasal meatus
part of the nasal cavity superior to the nostrils
nasal vestibule
the nasal vestibule contains:
vibrissae (hairs)
function of vibrissae
to filter coarse particles from inspired air
The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with mucous membranes, which are:
- olfactory mucosa
2. respiratory mucosa
Olfactory mucosa contains _____.
olfactory epithelium
cell structure of respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucous and serous secretions of respiratory mucosa contain:
lysozyme and defensins
function of the cilia of respiratory mucosa
move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
inspired air is warmed by ____ of respiratory mucosa
plexuses of capillaries and veins
____ trigger sneezing in respiratory mucosa
sensory nerve endings
Nasal conchae protrudes ____ from ____.
medially; lateral walls
functions of nasal conchae
- increase mucosal area
- enhance air turbulence
groove inferior to each nasal concha
nasal meatus
During inhalation, nasal conchae and nasal mucosa do what?
filter, heat, and moisten air
During exhalation, nasal conchae and nasal mucosa do what?
reclaim heat and moisture
the paranasal sinuses are located
in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
functions of the paranasal sinuses
- lighten skull
- secrete mucus
- help to warm and moisten air
Homeostatic imbalance of nasal mucosa leads to
rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
rhinitis
in rhinitis, nasal mucosa is continuous with mucosa of the respiratory tract, which leads to
spreading from the nose to the throat to the chest
in rhinitis, nasal mucosa also spreads to
tear ducts and paranasal sinuses
when nasal mucosa spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses in rhinitis, what happens?
blocked sinus passageways
- -> air absorbed
- -> vacuum
- -> sinus headache
muscular tube from base of skull to C6
pharynx
the pharynx connects
nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
the pharynx is composed of
skeletal muscle
The three regions of the pharynx are:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
nasopharynx
the lining of the nasopharynx is:
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
___ and ___ close nasopharynx during swallowing.
soft palate; uvula
The nasopharynx extends from ____, to ____, to ____.
pharyngeal tonsil; pharyngotympanic tube; uvula
located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsil
pharyngeal tonsil is also called
adenoids
function of pharyngotympanic tubes
drain and equalise pressure in middle ear
pharyngotympanic tubes open into ___ walls
lateral
pharyngotympanic tubes are also called
auditory
passageway for food and air
oropharynx
food and air passageway of the oropharynx extends from the level of ___ to ____.
soft palate; epiglottis
the oropharynx has a lining of
stratified squamous epithelium
opening to oral cavity is called
isthmus of fauces
these are located in lateral walls of fauces
palatine tonsils
located on the posterior surface of the tongue
lingual tonsil
the ___ is also a passageway for food and air
laryngopharynx
the laryngopharynx is posterior to
upright epiglottis
the laryngopharynx extends to ____, where it is continuous with ___.
larynx; esophagus
the laryngopharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
The larynx attaches to
hyoid bone
The larynx opens into
laryngopharynx
The larynx is continuous with
trachea
Functions of the larynx are:
- provides patent airway
- routes air and food into proper channels
- voice production (houses vocal cords)
The larynx is all ___ cartilage except for the epiglottis.
hyaline
The different cartilages of the larynx are:
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- paired arytenoid
- paired cuneiform
- paired corniculate
- elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
The thyroid cartilage of the larynx has
laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
the elastic cartilage of the epiglottis covers
laryngeal inlet during swallowing
the epiglottis is covered in
taste bud-containing mucosa
located deep to laryngeal mucosa
vocal ligaments
Vocal ligaments attach ___ to ____.
arytenoid cartilages; thyroid cartilage
vocal ligaments contain ___ fibres.
elastic
vocal ligaments form the core of:
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
opening between vocal folds
glottis
vocal folds produce sound by
vibration as air rushes up from lungs
Vestibular folds are ___ vocal cords.
false
Vestibular folds are located
superior to vocal folds
Do vestibular folds play a part in sound production?
no
Vestibular folds help to close what?
glottis during swallowing
The epithelium of the superior portion of the larynx is
stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelium inferior to vocal folds of the larynx is
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
How is speech produced?
by intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
Voice pitch is determined by
length and tension of vocal cords
Loudness of voice is determined by
force of air upon vocal cords
Chambers of ___ amplify and enhance sound quality.
- pharynx
- oral
- nasal
- sinus
cavities
Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of:
- pharynx
- tongue
- soft palate
- lips
vocal folds of larynx may act to prevent air passage as
sphincter
an example of acting as sphincter
Valsalva’s manoeuvre
Process of Valsalva’s manoevre
- glottis closes to prevent exhalation
- -> abdominal muscles contract
- -> intra-abdominal pressure rises
- -> helps to empty rectum or stabilises trunk during heavy lifting
the trachea is also known as
windpipe
the trachea extends from
larynx into mediastinum
The treacheal wall is composed of three layers:
- mucosa
- submucosa
- adventitia
structure of mucosa in trachea
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
structure of submucosa in trachea
connective tissue with seromucous glands
structure of adventitia in trachea
- outermost layer is made of connective tissue
- encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
the trachealis muscle connects
posterior parts of cartilage rings
trachealis muscle contracts when?
during coughing to expel mucus
spar of cartilage on last, expanded tracheal cartilage
carina
the carina is the point where the trachea branches into
two main bronchi
Air passages undergo how many orders of branching? What is this known as?
23; bronchial (respiratory) tree
Process of air passage from bronchial tree
- tips of bronchial tree
- ->conducting zone structures
- ->respiratory zone structures
The trachea branches into
right and left main (primary) bronchi
Each main bronchus enters ___ of one lung.
hilum
Right main bronchus is more ___ than left.
- wider
- shorter
- more vertical
Each main bronchus branches into
lobar (secondary) bronchi
There are ___ lobar bronchi on right, ___ on left.
three; two
Each lobar bronchus supplies
one lobe
Each lobar bronchus branches into
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Segmental bronchi divide
repeatedly
Bronchi branches become smaller and smaller into
- bronchioles
2. terminal bronchioles
size of bronchioles
less than 1 mm in diameter
size of terminal bronchioles
smallest–less than 0.5 mm in diameter
The conducting zone structures are
from bronchi through bronchioles
Structural changes occur from bronchi through bronchioles. Cartilage rings become:
irregular plates
in bronchioles ___ replace cartilage
elastic fibres
The epithelium from bronchi through bronchioles changes from ___ to ___.
pseudostratified columnar; cuboidal
From bronchi through bronchioles, ___ and ___ become sparse.
cilia; goblet cells
From bronchi through bronchioles, the relative amount of ___ increases. This allows for ____.
smooth muscles; constriction
The respiratory zone begins as
terminal bronchioles
Branches of the respiratory zone
- begins as terminal bronchioles
- ->respiratory bronchioles
- ->alveolar ducts
- ->alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs contain clusters of ___.
alveoli
Most of the lung volume is made up of
~300 million alveoli
Alveoli are sites of
gas exchange
The respiratory membrane is composed of
- alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
- type i alveolar cells
- type ii alveolar cells
the fused basement membrane of alveolar and capillary walls is approximately ____ thick
0.5 micrometres
the fused basement membrane of alveolar and capillary walls allows for
gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
cell type of type i alveolar cells/alveolar walls
single layer of squamous epithelium
cell type of type ii alveolar cells
scattered cuboidal
type ii alveolar cells secrete
surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
alveoli are surrounded by ___ and ____
fine elastic fibres; pulmonary capillaries
____ connect adjacent alveoli
alveolar pores
alveolar pores allow for
equalising air pressure throughout lung
____ keep alveolar surfaces sterile
alveolar macrophages
dead macrophages are carried by ___ to ___ to ___
cilia; throat; being swallowed
rate of dead macrophage carriage by cilia
2 million/hour
The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except
mediastinum
The root of the lung is
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
costal surface of lung is divided into
anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
the lungs are composed mainly of
alveoli
lung balance is maintained by
stroma–elastic connective tissue (allows for elasticity)
the apex of the lung is located
superior tip; deep to clavicle
the base of the lung is located
inferior surface; rests on diaphragm
the hilum of the lung is located
on mediastinal surface
the hilum of the lung is site for
entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
the ___ lung is smaller than the ___
left; right
concavity of lung for heart
cardiac notch
the left lung is separated into lobes by
oblique fissure
lobes of the left lung
- superior
- inferior
the right lung is separated into lobes by
oblique and horizontal fissures
lobes of the right lung
- superior
- middle
- inferior
the lungs contain
- bronchopulmonary segments
- lobules
amount of bronchopulmonary segments in right lung
10
amount of bronchopulmonary segments in left lung
8-10
bronchopulmonary segments in lungs are separated by
connective tissue septa
if bronchopulmonary segments are diseased
they can be individually removed
smallest subdivisions in the lungs visible to the naked eye
lobules
lobules are served by
bronchioles and their branches
circulation with low pressure and high volume
pulmonary
_____ deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries branch profusely and feed into
pulmonary capillary networks
___ carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
pulmonary veins
Lung capillary endothelium contains
enzymes that act on substances in blood
Example of enzyme lung capillary endothelium contains
angiotensin-converting enzyme–activates blood pressure hormone
____ provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
bronchial arteries
bronchial arteries arise from ___ and enter lungs at ___.
aorta; hilum
bronchial arteries are part of ___ circulation
systemic (high pressure, low volume)
bronchial arteries supply all lung tissue except
alveoli
bronchial veins anastomose with
pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins carry
most venous blood back to heart
thin, double-layered serosa
pleurae
pleurae divides this into
thoracic cavity; two pleural compartments and mediastinum
the pleural compartments of the thoracic cavity are
- parietal
2. visceral
location of parietal pleura
- on thoracic wall
- superior face of diaphragm
- around heart
- between lungs
location of visercal pleura
on external lung surface
___ fills pleural cavity
pleural fluid
pleural fluid in pleural cavity allows for
- lubrication and surface tension
- assists in expansion and recoil
pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases
- inspiration
2. expiration
pressure exerted by air surrounding body
atmospheric pressure (Patm)
1 atm is equal to
760 mm Hg at sea level
____ are described relative to Patm
respiratory pressures
pressure less than Patm
negative respiratory pressure
pressure greater than Patm
positive respiratory pressure
pressure equal to Patm
zero respiratory pressure
pressure in alveoli
intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure (Ppul)
Intrapulmonary pressure fluctuates with
breathing
Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually
equalises with Patm
pressure in pleural cavity
intrapleural pressure (Pip)
intrapleural pressure fluctuates with
breathing
Intrapleural pressure is always
a negative pressure (< Patm and < Ppul)
Fluid level of intrapleural pressure must be
minimal
Fluid is pumped out of the pleural cavity by
lymphatics
