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A&P II > Chapter 20 - The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns fluids that leaked from blood vessels back to the blood.

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2
Q

The three parts of the lymphatic system are:

A
  1. network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
  2. Lymph
  3. Lymph nodes
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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

fluid in vessels

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4
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

cleanse lymph

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphoid organs and tissues?

A
  1. they provide the structural basis of the immune system

2. they house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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6
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissue structures include:

A
  1. spleen
  2. thymus
  3. tonsils
  4. other lymphoid tissues
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7
Q

What is the overall function of the lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. they return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood
  2. ~3L/day
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8
Q

Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, what is it called?

A

lymph

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessels - Distribution and structure:

A
  1. one-way system
  2. lymph flows toward heart
  3. contains lymph vessels (lymphatics)
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10
Q

What are the three main lymph vessels?

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries
  2. collecting lymphatic vessels
  3. lymphatic trunks and ducts
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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries, except for a couple of differences. What are they?

A
  1. very permeable

2. pathogens travel throughout the body via lymphatics

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12
Q

Lymphatic capillaries take up what?

A
  1. proteins
  2. cell debris
  3. pathogens
  4. cancer cells
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphatic capillary permeability?

A
  1. endothelial cells overlap loosely to form one-way minivalves
  2. anchored by collagen filaments, preventing collapse of capillaries
  3. increased ECF volume opens minivalves
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14
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are absent from:

A
  1. bones
  2. teeth
  3. bone marrow
  4. CNS
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15
Q

What are lacteals?

A

specialised lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

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16
Q

What is the function of lacteals?

A

they absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph to the blood

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17
Q

fatty lymph is also known as

A

chyle

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18
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels are similar to veins, except for a couple of differences. What are they?

A
  1. they have thinner walls, with more internal valves

2. they anastomose more frequently

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19
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels in the skin travel with ____.

A

superficial veins

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20
Q

Deep lymphatic collecting vessels travel with ___.

A

arteries

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21
Q

Nutrients are supplied to lymphatic collecting vessels via branching ____.

A

vasa vasorum

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22
Q

The lymphatic trunks are formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts, which are:

A
  1. paired lumbar
  2. paired bronchomediastinal
  3. paired subclavian
  4. paired jugular trunks
  5. single intestinal trunk
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23
Q

Lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts, which are:

A
  1. right lymphatic duct

2. thoracic duct

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24
Q

What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

A

it drains the right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

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25
Q

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

it drains the rest of the body

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26
Q

The thoracic duct arises from ____.

A

cisterna chyli

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27
Q

Each lymphatic duct empties lymph into ___ circulation.

A

venous

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28
Q

Where is lymph emptied within venous circulation?

A

at the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body

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29
Q

Lymph is propelled by:

A
  1. milking action of skeletal muscle
  2. pressure changes in thorax during breathing
  3. valves to prevent backflow
  4. pulsations of nearby arteries
  5. contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics
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30
Q

The main warriors of the immune system are ____.

A

lymphocytes

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31
Q

Lymphocytes arise in:

A

red bone marrow

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32
Q

Lymphocytes mature into one of two main varieties, which are:

A
  1. T cells (T lymphocytes)

2. B cells (B lymphocytes)

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33
Q

T cells and B cells protect against ____.

A

antigens

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34
Q

Antigens are:

A

anything the body perceives as foreign

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35
Q

What are examples of antigens?

A
  1. bacteria and bacterial toxins
  2. viruses
  3. mismatched RBCs
  4. cancer cells
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36
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A
  1. manage immune response

2. attack and destroy infected cells

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37
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

they produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

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38
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

they mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means

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39
Q

Other lymphoid cells are:

A
  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
  3. reticular cells
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40
Q

What do macrophages do?

A
  1. phagocytise foreign substances

2. help activate T cells

41
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

42
Q

What do reticular cells do?

A

they produce the reticular fibre stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

43
Q

What is the overall function of lymphoid tissue?

A
  1. houses and provides proliferation for lymphocytes

2. surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages

44
Q

Lymphoid tissue is largely composed of ____.

A

reticular connective tissue

45
Q

What is reticular connective tissue?

A

a type of loose connective tissue

46
Q

The two main types of lymphoid tissue are:

A
  1. diffuse lymphoid tissue

2. lymphoid follicles

47
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue of lymphoid cells and reticular fibres is found in:

A

~ every body organ

48
Q

There are larger collections of diffuse lymphoid tissue in:

A

the lamina propria of mucous membranes

49
Q

Structural characteristics of lymphoid follicles (nodules):

A
  1. solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibres
  2. there are isolated aggregations of Peyer’s patches and in appendix
50
Q

Lymphoid follicles are the germinal centres of:

A

proliferating B cells

51
Q

Lymphoid follicles may form part of:

A

larger lymphoid organs

52
Q

The principal lymphoid organs of the body are:

A

lymph nodes

53
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A
  1. embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
  2. near body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body
54
Q

The functions of lymph nodes include:

A
  1. filter lymph

2. immune system activation

55
Q

When lymph nodes filter lymph, what happens?

A

macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris

56
Q

When lymph nodes activate the immune system, what happens?

A

lymphocytes are activated and mount attack against antigens

57
Q

Lymph node shape:

A

vary in size and shape, but most are bean shaped

58
Q

Lymph nodes contain an external:

A

fibrous capsule

59
Q

What extends into the lymph node and divides it into compartments?

A

trabeculae

60
Q

The two internal compartments of lymph nodes are:

A
  1. cortex

2. medulla

61
Q

Characteristics of the internal cortex of lymph nodes:

A
  1. cortex contains follicles with germinal centres, heavy with dividing B cells
  2. dendritic cells nearly encapsulate follicles
  3. deep cortex houses T cells in transit
62
Q

T cells circulate continuously among:

A
  1. blood
  2. lymph nodes
  3. lymph
63
Q

Characteristics of the internal medullary cords of lymph nodes:

A
  1. extend inward from cortex

2. contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

64
Q

Lymph sinuses contain ____.

A

macrophages

65
Q

Lymph enters lymph nodes on the convex side via _____.

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

66
Q

Once lymph enters lymph nodes, it travels through _____ then to _____.

A

subcapsular sinus and smaller sinuses; medullary sinuses

67
Q

There are fewer ____ vessels in lymph nodes.

A

efferent

68
Q

Why are there fewer efferent vessels in lymph nodes?

A

allows lymphocytes and macrophages time to function; flow is somewhat stagnate

69
Q

The largest lymphoid organ is the ____.

A

spleen

70
Q

The spleen is served by:

A

the splenic artery and vein

71
Q

The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the ____.

A

hilum

72
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  1. site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
  2. cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris
73
Q

Spleen stores what?

A
  1. breakdown products of RBCs (e.g. iron) for later reuse

2. blood platelets and monocytes

74
Q

The spleen may be the site of ____ production.

A

fetal erythrocyte (normally ceases after birth)

75
Q

The spleen is encased by ____, and has ___.

A

fibrous capsule; trabeculae

76
Q

The spleen contains what?

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. macrophages
  3. huge numbers of erythrocytes
77
Q

The two distinct areas of the spleen are:

A
  1. white pulp

2. red pulp

78
Q

The white pulp of the spleen is located:

A

around central arteries

79
Q

White pulp contains:

A

mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibres

80
Q

White pulp of the spleen is involved in:

A

immune functions

81
Q

The red pulp of the spleen is located:

A

in venous sinuses and splenic cords

82
Q

The red pulp of the spleen contains:

A
  1. abundant RBCs

2. abundant macrophages

83
Q

Red pulp of the spleen’s composed elements function for:

A

disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens

84
Q

The red pulp of the spleen is composed of ____ and ____.

A

splenic cords; sinusoids

85
Q

The thymus is found in:

A

inferior neck

86
Q

The thymus extends into:

A

mediastinum

87
Q

The thymus partially overlies:

A

the heart

88
Q

What are the characteristics of the thymus?

A
  1. important functions in early life

2. increases in size and most active during childhood

89
Q

The thymus stops growing when?

A

during adolescence

90
Q

After the thymus stops growing, what happens?

A

it gradually atrophies

91
Q

After the thymus stops growing, it still produces:

A

immunocompetent cells, though slowly

92
Q

Thymic lobules contain:

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

93
Q

Most thymic cells are ____.

A

lymphocytes

94
Q

The cortex of the thymus contains:

A

rapidly dividing lymphocytes and scattered macrophages

95
Q

The medulla of the thymus contains:

A

fewer lymphocytes and thymic corpuscles

96
Q

What do thymic corpuscles do?

A

they are involved in regulatory T cell development (prevent autoimmunity)

97
Q

The thymus differs from other lymphoid organs in important ways. What are they?

A
  1. has no follicles because it lacks B cells

2. does not directly fight antigens (functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation)

98
Q

The thymus keeps T lymphocyte maturation isolated via the _____.

A

blood thymus barrier

99
Q

The stroma of epithelial cells in the thymus provide what?

A

environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

A&P II (8 decks)

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