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Chemistry > Chapter 22 Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

other tetrahedral compounds that come up

A

chloroalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids , esters

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2
Q

chloroalkane

A

compound in which one or more H atoms have in an alkane , been replaced by Cl atoms

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3
Q

4 main types of chloroalkanes

A

monochloromethane , dichloromethane, trichloromethane (chloroform) , tetrachloromethane

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4
Q

main uses of chloroalkanes

A

solvents for paint,oil

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5
Q

properties of chloroalkanes (solubility , state, forces)

A

some polarity but not enough to dissolve in water, dissolves readily in nonpolar substances (cyclohexane), most of them are liquids at room temp. whereas their corresponding alkanes are gases (van der waals forces)

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6
Q

OH group

A

hydroxide (alcOHol)

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7
Q

functional group

A

atom or group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or a series of organic compounds.

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8
Q

alcohol equation

A

Cn H2n +1 - OH

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9
Q

C - C4 alcohol names

A

methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol ( 2-methylpropan-1-ol)

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10
Q

primary alcohol

A

(RCH2OH), (eg; methanol/ ethanol )

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11
Q

secondary alcohol

A

(R2CHOH), (eg; propan-1-ol)

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12
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

(R3COH) (eg; butan-2-ol)

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13
Q

effects of drinking methanol

A

blindness/ death

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14
Q

methanol added to ethanol, process + agent

A

denaturing/ denaturing agent

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15
Q

legal limit of alcohol in blood (per 100cm3)

A

20 mg per 100cm3 of blood

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16
Q

main uses of ethanol

A

alcoholic drinks, deodorants, varnishes , paint solvent

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17
Q

alcohols is to alkanes (boiling point, bonds ,solubility)

A

alcohols have higher boiling points cause of the highly polar -OH group gives rise to hydrogen bonding. it takes extra energy to break those bonds .’. have higher boiling points, solubility in water = c - c3 are infinitely soluble in water , solubility deceases with longer C chains ( acts like alkanes)

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18
Q

why is ethanol such a great solvent

A

it dissolves both water-insoluble oils and water soluble ingredients

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19
Q

pure ethanol

A

absolute alcohol

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20
Q

Aldehydes

A

form a homologous series containing the -CHO functional group

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21
Q

general formula of Aldehydes

A

Cn H2n -1 ChO. (c0- C3 = other c1 - C4) basically start at c = 0. < for self USE RCHO for the exam

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22
Q

what type of bonding do Aldehydes have + bonding angle

A

planar bonding around the carbon atom , bond angle=120

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23
Q

parent and change of aldehydes

A

alkane - change -e to -al eg: methanal

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24
Q

first 4 aldehydes

A

methanal(HCHO) , ethanal(CH3CHO) , propanal(C2H5CHO) butanal (C3H7CHO)

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25
Q

carbonyl group

A

functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

26
Q

Difference between the c–c and c–o bonds

A

c–o is much more polar because of the difference electronegativity values of C and O

27
Q

influence of the carbonyl group on physical properties (bonds boiling point, forces)

A

not possible for compounds containing the carbonyl group to form H bonds with each other. H bonds with C however there are permanent dipole dipole interactions between the aldehyde molecules. .’. they have higher boiling points than the alkanes(dipole dipole interaction) but lower than alcohols(lack of H bonding) .

28
Q

types of bonds in alcohols/aldehydes/alkanes

A

H bonding bet. molecules/ dipole dipole forces bet. molecules/ Van der waals forces bet. molecules

29
Q

Van der waals forces

A

driven by induced electrical interactions bet. atoms/molecules that are close together (weakest form of intermolecular attractions)

30
Q

sol. of methanal and water (+uses)

A

formalin , embalming fluid

31
Q

aromatic aldehyde (+uses) +found

A

benzaldehyde , flavouring agent for cooking , found in kernels of almonds

32
Q

ketones +gen. formula

A

homologous series of organic compounds containing the >C=O functional group / RCOR’ (R= same/diff alkyls)

33
Q

first 2 ketones

A

propanone(acetone)CH3COCH3, butanone(methyl ethyl ketone) CH3COC2H5

34
Q

physical properties/bonds/boiling points of ketones

A

same as aldehydes

35
Q

Isomer of butanal

A

Methylpropanal

36
Q

Methanal (another name)

A

Formaldehyde

37
Q

Structural isomer of propanone

A

Propanal

38
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

RCOOH (c=o)

39
Q

carboxylic acids bond angle

A

120 *

40
Q

naming of carboxylic acids

A

alkane where -e goes to -oic acid

41
Q

carboxylic acids 1-4

A

methanoic acid , ethanoic acid ( concentrated vinegar), propanoic acid , butanoic acid

42
Q

butanoic acid isomer

A

2 methylpropanoic acid

43
Q

old name for methanoic acid

A

formic acid

44
Q

methanoic acid , propanoic acid butanoic acid : uses

A

found in nettle/ant stings , inhibits the growth of mould (preservative) , used in antiseptic medicines and fungicides (ringworm)

45
Q

how can do tracker dogs smell out people

A

they recognise the particular mixture of carboxylic acids produced by sweat glands of a person

46
Q

pure ethanoic acid AKA …

A

glacial acetic acid

47
Q

boiling /melting points of carboxylic acids + solubility

A

due to H bonding the melting/boiling point is much higher than the alkanes/alcohols etc. [all completely soluble in water and longer chains more soluble in organic solvents]

48
Q

general formula of Esters

A

RCOOR’ { c = +1 , h= +2 , o = +0 }

49
Q

Condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule such as water ( esterification is one type of condensation reaction)

50
Q

1 st 2 esters

A

methyl methanoate [C2H4O2] , methyl ethanoate [C3H6O2] , methyl propanoate [C4H8O2]

51
Q

C3H6O2 isomers (2)

A

methyl ethanoate , ethyl methanoate

52
Q

C4H8O2 isomers (3)

A

ethyl ethanoate , methyl propanoate , propyl methanoate

53
Q

Esters > lower members properties

A

volatile liquids with pleasant fruity smells, low boiling points as it is not possible for them to form H bonds, fairly soluble in water ,

54
Q

esters uses (4)

A

flavourings, solvents in varnishes etc. , used in glues , polyesters (millions of esters linked together)

55
Q

chemical bonding in benzene imp. points

A

all carbon bonds are identical (single covalent) , all carbon , carbon bonds are intermediate bet. c-c and c=c bonds, 6 singly occupied p atomic orbitals overlap sideways to form a pi bonding system containing 6 delocalised electrons , c-h bonds are all identical single covalent bonds containing a shared pair of electrons , these bonds may also be described as sigma bonds formed by head on overlap of slightly - occupied atomic orbitals

56
Q

range of aromatic compounds

A

narcotics = heroin/cocaine , pharmaceuticals = aspirin/ morphine , food flavourings = vanilin

57
Q

examples of natural compounds

A

caffeine in tea/coffee nicotine in tobacco , opium in poppies

58
Q

chemists can improve medicinal properties of natural products eg = …

A

Felix Hoffman synthesised aspirin in 1898 , the structure was similar to the naturally occuring product but with none of the unpleasant side effects

59
Q

principal of steam distillation

A

mixture of 2 immiscible liquids boils at room temp. that is below that of the boiling point of each individual liquid, the hot mixture of water vapour and oil is passed through a condenser , the distillate that is collected contains H2O and oil

60
Q

emulsion

A

dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another liquid , in which it is not soluble

61
Q

solvent extraction/ liquid-liquid extraction

A

technique in which 2 immiscible liquids, are separated using a solvent in which one of the compounds of the mixture has a higher solubility than the other (organic component is removed from the emulsion by dissolving it in a organic solvent )

62
Q

clove oil (another name )

A

Eugenol

Chemistry (15 decks)

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