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Microbiology > Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS

A

The central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The PNS

A

The peripheral nervous system: nerves that branch from the CNS

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3
Q

What does the meninges do?

A

Protect the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

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5
Q

The outermost layer of meninges?

A

dura mater

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6
Q

The middle layer of meninges?

A

arachnoid mater

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7
Q

The innermost layer of meninges?

A

pia mater

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8
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges

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9
Q

What s encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain

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10
Q

what is meningoencephalitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges and brain

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11
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

the subarachnoid space

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12
Q

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

fever, headache, a stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and coma (death)

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13
Q

Haemophilus Influenza Meningitis

A

Gram (-) aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota

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14
Q

Pathogen of Haemophilus Influenza Meningitis?

A

a capsule antigen type b; prevented with Hib vaccine

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15
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis Meningitis

A

gram (-) diplococcus with capsule, aerobic (6 serotypes)

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16
Q

Symptoms of Neisseria Meningitidis Meningitis

A

throat infection, rash, bacteremia; vaccine does not protect agains X serotype

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17
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Meningitis

A

gram (+), encapsulated diplococcus

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18
Q

Is caused by Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulism

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19
Q

Botulism

A

gram (+), obligate anaerobe, endspore-forming

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20
Q

Pathogen of botulism

A

ingestion of botulinum exotoxin; blocks the release of acetylcholine resulting in flaccid paralysis

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21
Q

Botulism: Type A toxin

A

Fatality 60-70%
heat resistant & proteolytic

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22
Q

Botulism: Type B toxin

A

Fatality 25%

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23
Q

Botulism: Type E toxin

A

produced by organisms in marine and lake sediments
less heat-resistant than other strains

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24
Q

Infant Botulism

A

C. botulinum grow in the intestines of infants, lack of intestinal microbiota

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25
Q

Wound Botulism

A

C. botulinum growth in wounds

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26
Q

What causes tetanus?

A

clostridium tetani

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27
Q

Tetanus

A

gram (+), obligate anaerobe, endospore-forming

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28
Q

Where does tetanus grow?

A

in deep wounds with anaerobic conditions

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29
Q

Pathogen of Tetanus

A

tetanospasmin neurotoxin is released from dead cells; enter CNS and block relaxation pathway causing muscle spasms

30
Q

Vaccine for tetanus

A

Tetanus toxoid (DTaP); stimulates antibodies

31
Q

What causes Poliomyelitis?

A

Poliovirus

32
Q

Pathogen of Poliomyelitis

A

transmitted by the ingestion of water containing feces

33
Q

Symptoms of Poliomyelitis

A

sore throat and nausea, viremia, paralysis (rare), respiratory failure

34
Q

Vaccines for Poliomyelitis

A

Salk Vaccine
Sabin Vaccine

35
Q

the Salk Vaccine

A

inactivated vaccine; injectable

36
Q

the Sabin Vaccine

A

attenuated vaccine; oral; lifelong immunity

37
Q

What causes rabies?

A

the rabies virus; genus lyssavirus (bullet-shaped)

38
Q

Rabies virus

A

single-stranded RNA, easily developed mutants

39
Q

Symptoms of Rabies

A

muscles spasms of the mouth and pharynx, hydrophobia

40
Q

Pathogen of Rabies

A

multiplies in the skeletal muscles, travels through PNS to the brain cells causing encephalitis

41
Q

Furious (classical) rabies

A

animals are restless, then highly excitable

42
Q

Paralytic (dumb or numb) rabies

A

animals seem unaware of their surroundings, minimally excitable

43
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A

from bodily fluids with the direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) test

44
Q

The rabies vaccine

A

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) + immune globulin

45
Q

Vertical transmission

A

from one generation to the next

46
Q

Diseases harmful to developing babies

A

Zika virus
Neonatal herpes
Cytomegalovirus Infections

47
Q

The TORCH screen

A

tests pregnant women for diseases that can transmit vertically

48
Q

T (TORCH)

A

toxoplasmosis

49
Q

O (TORCH)

A

other; syphillis, chickenpox, HIV, measles

50
Q

R (TORCH)

A

rubella

51
Q

C (TORCH)

A

cytomegalovirus

52
Q

H (TORCH)

A

herpes simplex virus

53
Q

Pathogen of Arbovirus

A

mosquito borne virus

54
Q

Symptoms of Arbovirus

A

subclinical to severe

55
Q

Heartland Virus disease

A

Neurological problems, thrombocyotpenia, leukopenia

56
Q

West Nile virus

A

carried by culex mosquitoes

57
Q

Symptoms of West Nile virus

A

poliolike paralysis and fatal encephalitis

58
Q

Powassan virus

A

in the Great Lakes region, long-term neurological problems

59
Q

Pathogen of Arboviral Encephalitis

A

transmitted through bite of infected Aedes app. mosquitoes, sexual, mother to child, blood transfusions

60
Q

Pathogen of Cryptococcosis

A

transmitted via respiratory route through dried contaminated droppings; blood to CNS

61
Q

What is the treatment for Cryptococcosis?

A

Amphotericin B and flucytosine

62
Q

What are the 2 types of Trypanosomiasis?

A

Trypanosome Bruce gambiense
T. b. rhodesiense

63
Q

Symptoms of trphanosoma Bruce gambiense

A

African sleeping sickness

64
Q

Symptoms of T. b. rhodesiense

A

fever, headache, deterioration of the CNS

65
Q

Pathogen of T. b. rhodesiense

A

from animals to humans by tsetse fly

66
Q

How is trypanosomiasis treated?

A

eflornithine; crosses the BBB and blocks an enzyme necessary for the parasite

67
Q

What is caused by the Naeglarai Fowleri?

A

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

68
Q

Pathogen of Naeglaria Fowleri

A

infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain and feeds on the tissue

69
Q

What does Accanthameoba cause?

A

granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

70
Q

Pathogen of Acantamoeba spp.

A

granulomas form around site of infection forming lesions around the brain

Microbiology (4 decks)

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