Chapter 22: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Question 1

The CNS

Answer 1

The central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Question 2

The PNS

Answer 2

The peripheral nervous system: nerves that branch from the CNS

Question 3

What does the meninges do?

Answer 3

Protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

Answer 4

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 5

The outermost layer of meninges?

Answer 5

dura mater

Question 6

The middle layer of meninges?

Answer 6

arachnoid mater

Question 7

The innermost layer of meninges?

Answer 7

pia mater

Question 8

What is meningitis?

Answer 8

inflammation of the meninges

Question 9

What s encephalitis?

Answer 9

inflammation of the brain

Question 10

what is meningoencephalitis?

Answer 10

inflammation of the meninges and brain

Question 11

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

Answer 11

the subarachnoid space

Question 12

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 12

fever, headache, a stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and coma (death)

Question 13

Haemophilus Influenza Meningitis

Answer 13

Gram (-) aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota

Question 14

Pathogen of Haemophilus Influenza Meningitis?

Answer 14

a capsule antigen type b; prevented with Hib vaccine

Question 15

Neisseria Meningitidis Meningitis

Answer 15

gram (-) diplococcus with capsule, aerobic (6 serotypes)

Question 16

Symptoms of Neisseria Meningitidis Meningitis

Answer 16

throat infection, rash, bacteremia; vaccine does not protect agains X serotype

Question 17

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Meningitis

Answer 17

gram (+), encapsulated diplococcus

Question 18

Is caused by Clostridium botulinum

Answer 18

Botulism

Question 19

Botulism

Answer 19

gram (+), obligate anaerobe, endspore-forming

Question 20

Pathogen of botulism

Answer 20

ingestion of botulinum exotoxin; blocks the release of acetylcholine resulting in flaccid paralysis

Question 21

Botulism: Type A toxin

Answer 21

Fatality 60-70%
heat resistant & proteolytic

Question 22

Botulism: Type B toxin

Answer 22

Fatality 25%

Question 23

Botulism: Type E toxin

Answer 23

produced by organisms in marine and lake sediments
less heat-resistant than other strains

Question 24

Infant Botulism

Answer 24

C. botulinum grow in the intestines of infants, lack of intestinal microbiota

Question 25

Wound Botulism

Answer 25

C. botulinum growth in wounds

Question 26

What causes tetanus?

Answer 26

clostridium tetani

Question 27

Tetanus

Answer 27

gram (+), obligate anaerobe, endospore-forming

Question 28

Where does tetanus grow?

Answer 28

in deep wounds with anaerobic conditions

Question 29

Pathogen of Tetanus

Answer 29

tetanospasmin neurotoxin is released from dead cells; enter CNS and block relaxation pathway causing muscle spasms

Question 30

Vaccine for tetanus

Answer 30

Tetanus toxoid (DTaP); stimulates antibodies

Question 31

What causes Poliomyelitis?

Answer 31

Poliovirus

Question 32

Pathogen of Poliomyelitis

Answer 32

transmitted by the ingestion of water containing feces

Question 33

Symptoms of Poliomyelitis

Answer 33

sore throat and nausea, viremia, paralysis (rare), respiratory failure

Question 34

Vaccines for Poliomyelitis

Answer 34

Salk Vaccine Sabin Vaccine

Question 35

the Salk Vaccine

Answer 35

inactivated vaccine; injectable

Question 36

the Sabin Vaccine

Answer 36

attenuated vaccine; oral; lifelong immunity

Question 37

What causes rabies?

Answer 37

the rabies virus; genus lyssavirus (bullet-shaped)

Question 38

Rabies virus

Answer 38

single-stranded RNA, easily developed mutants

Question 39

Symptoms of Rabies

Answer 39

muscles spasms of the mouth and pharynx, hydrophobia

Question 40

Pathogen of Rabies

Answer 40

multiplies in the skeletal muscles, travels through PNS to the brain cells causing encephalitis

Question 41

Furious (classical) rabies

Answer 41

animals are restless, then highly excitable

Question 42

Paralytic (dumb or numb) rabies

Answer 42

animals seem unaware of their surroundings, minimally excitable

Question 43

How is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 43

from bodily fluids with the direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) test

Question 44

The rabies vaccine

Answer 44

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) + immune globulin

Question 45

Vertical transmission

Answer 45

from one generation to the next

Question 46

Diseases harmful to developing babies

Answer 46

Zika virus Neonatal herpes Cytomegalovirus Infections

Question 47

The TORCH screen

Answer 47

tests pregnant women for diseases that can transmit vertically

Question 48

T (TORCH)

Answer 48

toxoplasmosis

Question 49

O (TORCH)

Answer 49

other; syphillis, chickenpox, HIV, measles

Question 50

R (TORCH)

Answer 50

rubella

Question 51

C (TORCH)

Answer 51

cytomegalovirus

Question 52

H (TORCH)

Answer 52

herpes simplex virus

Question 53

Pathogen of Arbovirus

Answer 53

mosquito borne virus

Question 54

Symptoms of Arbovirus

Answer 54

subclinical to severe

Question 55

Heartland Virus disease

Answer 55

Neurological problems, thrombocyotpenia, leukopenia

Question 56

West Nile virus

Answer 56

carried by culex mosquitoes

Question 57

Symptoms of West Nile virus

Answer 57

poliolike paralysis and fatal encephalitis

Question 58

Powassan virus

Answer 58

in the Great Lakes region, long-term neurological problems

Question 59

Pathogen of Arboviral Encephalitis

Answer 59

transmitted through bite of infected Aedes app. mosquitoes, sexual, mother to child, blood transfusions

Question 60

Pathogen of Cryptococcosis

Answer 60

transmitted via respiratory route through dried contaminated droppings; blood to CNS

Question 61

What is the treatment for Cryptococcosis?

Answer 61

Amphotericin B and flucytosine

Question 62

What are the 2 types of Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 62

Trypanosome Bruce gambiense T. b. rhodesiense

Question 63

Symptoms of trphanosoma Bruce gambiense

Answer 63

African sleeping sickness

Question 64

Symptoms of T. b. rhodesiense

Answer 64

fever, headache, deterioration of the CNS

Question 65

Pathogen of T. b. rhodesiense

Answer 65

from animals to humans by tsetse fly

Question 66

How is trypanosomiasis treated?

Answer 66

eflornithine; crosses the BBB and blocks an enzyme necessary for the parasite

Question 67

What is caused by the Naeglarai Fowleri?

Answer 67

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Question 68

Pathogen of Naeglaria Fowleri

Answer 68

infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water, penetrates the brain and feeds on the tissue

Question 69

What does Accanthameoba cause?

Answer 69

granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

Question 70

Pathogen of Acantamoeba spp.

Answer 70

granulomas form around site of infection forming lesions around the brain