Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

the study of disease

Question 2

What is ethology?

Answer 2

the cause of a disease

Question 3

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 3

the development of the disease

Question 4

What is Infection?

Answer 4

invasion/colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 5

What is disease?

Answer 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

Question 6

what is the human Microbiome project

Answer 6

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

Question 7

What are Normal Microbiota?

Answer 7

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

Question 8

Factors that determine the distribution and composition of Normal Microbiota

Answer 8

Nutrients
Physical & Chemical factors
Host defenses
Mechanical factors

Question 9

What is microbial antagonism?

Answer 9

a competition between microbes

Question 10

How do Normal Microbiota protect its host

Answer 10

compete for nutrients
produce substances harmful to invading microbes
affect pH and available oxygen

Question 11

What is symbiosis?

Answer 11

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
to “live together”

Question 12

what is commensalism

Answer 12

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
S. epidermis

Question 13

what is mutualism

Answer 13

both organisms benefit
E. coli

Question 14

what is parasitism

Answer 14

one organism benefits at the expense of the other
Influenza virus

Question 15

Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of _________

Answer 15

an infectious disease

Question 16

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates:

Answer 16

pathogens can cause several disease conditions
pathogens cause disease only in humans
microbes have never been cultured

Question 17

Definition of symptoms

Answer 17

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

Question 18

Definition of signs

Answer 18

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Question 19

Definition of syndrome

Answer 19

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 20

What is a communicable disease

Answer 20

a disease that is spread from one host to another

Question 21

What is a contagious disease

Answer 21

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Question 22

What is a noncommunicable disease

Answer 22

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

Question 23

What is an incidence?

Answer 23

the number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

Question 24

What is prevalence?

Answer 24

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

Question 25

What is a sporadic disease

Answer 25

disease that occurs only occasionally

Question 26

What is an endemic disease?

Answer 26

disease constantly present in a population

Question 27

What is an epidemic disease?

Answer 27

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

Question 28

What is a pandemic disease?

Answer 28

worldwide epidemic

Question 29

What is an acute disease?

Answer 29

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

Question 30

What is a chronic disease?

Answer 30

symptoms develop slowly

Question 31

What is a subacute disease?

Answer 31

intermediate between acute and chronic

Question 32

What is a latent disease?

Answer 32

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 33

What is herd immunity?

Answer 33

immunity in most of a population

Question 34

What is local infection?

Answer 34

pathogens that are limited to a small area of the body

Question 35

What is systemic infection?

Answer 35

an infection throughout the body

Question 36

What is focal infection?

Answer 36

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Question 37

What is sepsis?

Answer 37

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focus of infection

Question 38

what is bacteremia?

Answer 38

bacteria in the blood

Question 39

what is septicemia?

Answer 39

aka blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 40

what is toxemia?

Answer 40

toxins in the blood

Question 41

what is viremia

Answer 41

viruses in the blood

Question 42

What is primary infection?

Answer 42

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 43

What is secondary infection?

Answer 43

opportunistic infection after a primary infection

Question 44

What is subclinical disease?

Answer 44

no noticeable signs or symptoms

Question 45

Predisposing factors:

Answer 45

gender inherited traits climate age lifestyle

Question 46

Incubation period:

Answer 46

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

Question 47

Prodromal period:

Answer 47

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Question 48

Period of illness:

Answer 48

disease is most severe

Question 49

Period of decline:

Answer 49

signs and symptoms subside

Question 50

Period of convalescence:

Answer 50

body returns to its predisposed state

Question 51

Human reservoirs

Answer 51

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

Question 52

Animal reservoirs

Answer 52

diseases transmitted from animals to humans (zoonoses)

Question 53

Direct contact transmission:

Answer 53

close association between the infected and a susceptible host

Question 54

Congenital transmission

Answer 54

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth

Question 55

Indirect contact transmission

Answer 55

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

Question 56

Droplet transmission

Answer 56

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

Question 57

Vehicle transmission

Answer 57

transmission by an inanimate reservoir airborne, waterborne, foodborne

Question 58

What are vectors?

Answer 58

arthropods; fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

Question 59

Mechanical transmission of arthropods:

Answer 59

carries pathogen on its feet

Question 60

Biological transmission of arthropods:

Answer 60

pathogen reproduces in the vector and transmitted via bites/feces

Question 61

Healthcare-associated infections

Answer 61

acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility (nosocomial)

Question 62

What is a compromised host:

Answer 62

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

Question 63

What are standard precautions?

Answer 63

basic, minimum practices

Question 64

What are transmission-based precautions?

Answer 64

supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections (contact, droplet, airborne precautions)

Question 65

How to reduce number of pathogens:

Answer 65

hand washing disinfecting cleansing instruments using disposable bandages & intubation

Question 66

Emerging infectious diseases:

Answer 66

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future

Question 67

What is epidemiology?

Answer 67

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted

Question 68

what is descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 68

collection and analysis of data

Question 69

what is analytical epidemiology?

Answer 69

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

Question 70

What is experimental epidemiology?

Answer 70

involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments

Question 71

what is morbidity?

Answer 71

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

Question 72

what is mortality?

Answer 72

deaths from notifiable diseases

Question 73

What are notifiable infectious diseases?

Answer 73

diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence

Question 74

What is morbidity rate?

Answer 74

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

Question 75

What is mortality rate?

Answer 75

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time