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Microbiology > Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is pathology?

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

What is ethology?

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

the development of the disease

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4
Q

What is Infection?

A

invasion/colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

What is disease?

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

what is the human Microbiome project

A

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

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7
Q

What are Normal Microbiota?

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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8
Q

Factors that determine the distribution and composition of Normal Microbiota

A

Nutrients
Physical & Chemical factors
Host defenses
Mechanical factors

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9
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

a competition between microbes

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10
Q

How do Normal Microbiota protect its host

A

compete for nutrients
produce substances harmful to invading microbes
affect pH and available oxygen

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11
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
to “live together”

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12
Q

what is commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
S. epidermis

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13
Q

what is mutualism

A

both organisms benefit
E. coli

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14
Q

what is parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other
Influenza virus

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15
Q

Koch’s postulates are used to prove the cause of _________

A

an infectious disease

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16
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates:

A

pathogens can cause several disease conditions
pathogens cause disease only in humans
microbes have never been cultured

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17
Q

Definition of symptoms

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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18
Q

Definition of signs

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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19
Q

Definition of syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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20
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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21
Q

What is a contagious disease

A

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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22
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

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23
Q

What is an incidence?

A

the number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

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24
Q

What is prevalence?

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

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25
Q

What is a sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs only occasionally

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26
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

disease constantly present in a population

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27
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

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28
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

worldwide epidemic

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29
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

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30
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

symptoms develop slowly

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31
Q

What is a subacute disease?

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

32
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

33
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

immunity in most of a population

34
Q

What is local infection?

A

pathogens that are limited to a small area of the body

35
Q

What is systemic infection?

A

an infection throughout the body

36
Q

What is focal infection?

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection

37
Q

What is sepsis?

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focus of infection

38
Q

what is bacteremia?

A

bacteria in the blood

39
Q

what is septicemia?

A

aka blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

40
Q

what is toxemia?

A

toxins in the blood

41
Q

what is viremia

A

viruses in the blood

42
Q

What is primary infection?

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

43
Q

What is secondary infection?

A

opportunistic infection after a primary infection

44
Q

What is subclinical disease?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms

45
Q

Predisposing factors:

A

gender
inherited traits
climate
age
lifestyle

46
Q

Incubation period:

A

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

47
Q

Prodromal period:

A

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

48
Q

Period of illness:

A

disease is most severe

49
Q

Period of decline:

A

signs and symptoms subside

50
Q

Period of convalescence:

A

body returns to its predisposed state

51
Q

Human reservoirs

A

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

52
Q

Animal reservoirs

A

diseases transmitted from animals to humans (zoonoses)

53
Q

Direct contact transmission:

A

close association between the infected and a susceptible host

54
Q

Congenital transmission

A

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth

55
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

56
Q

Droplet transmission

A

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

57
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

transmission by an inanimate reservoir
airborne, waterborne, foodborne

58
Q

What are vectors?

A

arthropods; fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

59
Q

Mechanical transmission of arthropods:

A

carries pathogen on its feet

60
Q

Biological transmission of arthropods:

A

pathogen reproduces in the vector and transmitted via bites/feces

61
Q

Healthcare-associated infections

A

acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility (nosocomial)

62
Q

What is a compromised host:

A

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

63
Q

What are standard precautions?

A

basic, minimum practices

64
Q

What are transmission-based precautions?

A

supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections
(contact, droplet, airborne precautions)

65
Q

How to reduce number of pathogens:

A

hand washing
disinfecting
cleansing instruments
using disposable bandages & intubation

66
Q

Emerging infectious diseases:

A

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future

67
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted

68
Q

what is descriptive epidemiology?

A

collection and analysis of data

69
Q

what is analytical epidemiology?

A

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

70
Q

What is experimental epidemiology?

A

involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments

71
Q

what is morbidity?

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

72
Q

what is mortality?

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

73
Q

What are notifiable infectious diseases?

A

diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence

74
Q

What is morbidity rate?

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

75
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Microbiology (4 decks)

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